The work of Dr. Thomas Moray has been so thrilling to most of us over the years, and it is not without some sense of frustration that we often find ourselves grasping for straws in the face of our own ignorance as concerns his basic premises. In his writings and biographies we often hear the name Gustav LeBon mentioned with some great degree of importance -as if to give us strong direction in our quest at reproducing his designs. Studying the writings of Dr. Moray, one does indeed find clues of every possible kind, and these are often multiple in meaning. I would like to point the serious student of radio electric phenomena into the purchase of Prof. Gustav Le Bon’s two texts: The Evolution of Matter and The Evolution of Forces; now made available to us by Borderland Sciences through the very gracious donation of photocopies obtained and safely kept by Mr. Dan Winter. Mr. Winter has been an invaluable friend and source of vital information concerning the Moray Devices, because of his own deep researches and contacts. As well, he has been a very good friend – although we have never met in persona! My sincere hopes lean that way, however, and we thank you again Mr. Winter for your gift of these two vital copies.

The two texts were, at one time impossible to obtain, and even supposedly illegal to possess. In fact, Dr. Moray, on several occasions encountered great difficulty in obtaining ordinary library copies of the books – during the war. This indicates, as I indeed found, that Dr. Le Bon’s texts contain secrets – very deep secrets as concerns radioactivity and the various means of releasing the intra-atomic energy of which he is the true discoverer. As has been validated, Dr. Moray often would study these texts of Le Bon in order to further pursue his various directions in the field of materials science and of vibratory dynamics. Presumably, these topics were advanced far beyond what we have been told, although we see very clear indications that Dr. Moray was learning the exact modes of applying techniques which Dr. Le Bon had begun to utilize in his Belgian laboratory.

There is, as we have subsequently been informed, a third text – virtually impossible to obtain, which Dr. Le Bon had printed and published privately. Le Bon’s ideas were not received at all by the majority of his own contemporaries. Because of these pressures he had been forced to quit the publishing of his groundbreaking discoveries, resorting to the underground network of questors. This last text is in possession of another researcher, and we have been given permission by him to generate copies for the public. The text is printed under an assumed name, and deals with some of his more outlandish assumptions with proof: This text is entitled The Evolution of Matter And Energy released under the name of “Girard Le Beau” – this done under great personal pressure. All records of Professor Le Bon have been stricken from the various bastions of our academic monuments. It is as if these persons, pathologically affected by any mention of presence of Life, instinctively purge out the Living Either they are acting on their own, or they are being used by others who possess the truth and who make use of the pathological fears of the academicians against them. So close to the flame, yet unable to feel the warmth! Who to pity most, I do not know.

Both these books deal with Dr. Le Bon’s own realizations and excellent experiments (described for all to reproduce) on the energy of the “intra-atomic” structure in matter. Both his basic premise and subsequent experimental evidences in the 1890′s make. him one of the planet’s greatest minds. He encountered no end of difficulty in convincing others of his own ranks that intra-atomic energy was the future course of humankind, but to no avail. These very academicians, once having rid themselves of Le Bon, then went about reproducing the experiments in a perverted manner – limiting the research to uranium and the uranium series of metals in obtaining freed energy. While Le Bon spoke of these radioactive materials as intense evidences of universal radioactivity, he did not limit his discussion to them.

Le Bon makes strong, repeated statements concerning the truly universal nature of material dissociation into etheric fragments; this was his assertion before Becquerel and the Curies. What he maintained was that matter, ordinarily and naturally, spontaneously dissociated into etheric fragments. Some of the more energetic dissociations were termed “radioactive” by those researchers who had not taken sufficient time to notice the various means of which other materials were, in fact, dissociating. The majority of substances, he claimed, were equally “radioactive” – and this he both measured and proved in a marvelous series of demonstrations. What Le Bon managed to do was to bridge the ground between the radionics researchers and the inert sciences which have taken the lead in obtaining support of institutions and general acceptance. By stating that all materials are radioactive, and with such clear demonstrations, he showed the continuity along the line of thought which stems from the pre-1880′s science. If inert science, with all its financial resources and rapping demands of respect and devotion, could ever bring the great fruitfulness which the early etheric sciences of the 1800′s had given us, then we would have all been members of the club. What Le Bon’s texts represent to us is but another basketful of light from that once openly accepted etheric science; one which gave us such astounding discoveries that we have hardly begun to assimilate the implications of it.

There are several marvelous discoveries which Prof. Le Bon advances to us – demonstrations which totally alter what we have been told to believe about radiation, radioactivity, and related phenomena. The cardinal tenets of inert science as concerns radioactivity give us to accept the notion that not all substances are so energetic, radioactive materials are not capable of being neutralized or of being weakened. Le Bon shows how matter passes through a series of harmonic transformations, ultimately leading us into the very pure ether itself. His claim is this: that ether and matter, matter and ether are interchangeable by nature. He states clearly and emphatically that these transformations are spontaneous and normal for all material universally.

Dr. Le Bon tells of the similarity of the emanations from X-Ray tubes and radium alike. The analogy, he says, is too much more than coincidental. The prevalent belief of such notables as Nikola Tesla and Le Bon concerning the cause of radioactivity was due to the mysterious bombardment of certain nuclei by an effluvium-etheric – a particle bombardment so very fine as to be intercepted by certain dense nuclei with greater statistic cross-section than others. Thus, uranium with its dense nuclear structure, could intercept more of these mystery particles. The successful interception of these would, in fact, cause the explosion of the nuclei in question. The less dense a nucleus, the less frequently it would intercept such a particle, and thus exhibit radioactivity of such energetic levels as radium. An alternative school of thought, which included Wilhelm Reich much later, held that materials are generated “ex nihilo” and maintained by a natural sequence of transformations. In this process, certain fractions of the evolving material might spontaneously dissociate as evidence of the process itself (being due to instabilities within the core of activity). Both views are marvelous and thrilling in their transportative ability of placing us in higher mental frames.

Le Bon found that heating radium to red hot was sufficient to depress its radioactivity for a week. Thereafter, the activity began in a very feeble way to assert itself. He discovered that a mysterious effluvium -”emanation” he called it – was responsible for most of the radiation of any energetic material. He was able to artificially generate radium-like materials by simply allowing the proper frequency of ultraviolet light to fall on certain materials. This last fact paved the road to true atomic science, for here was the very means of releasing vast amounts of reservoirs of power (directly as electrical effluves) by simple solar ultra violet focusing. This fact makes the uranium investors very nervous, very anxious indeed! For here is a means of achieving resonant nuclear disintegration by fine tuned rays. This eliminated the fission market entirely. The waste from Le Bon’s atomic is nil. The process is clean, cost efficient, and plentiful in abundance. It would clearly spell the defeat of all the energy barons, and requires extensive research and development. This we mention, not because the effect is questionable or dangerous, but because we need to learn the specifics of the reaction series and the subtleties thereof. Le Bon made the claim that such a reaction had, time after time, produced far more energy than was involved in triggering the dissociation. This vast reservoir of energy was held in the intra-atomic structure of the material used as fuel. These assertions brought Dr. Le Bon into a great deal of harassment by the “scientismic” community who were spellbound in asserting their pitiful dogmas of thermodynamics. The energy of intra-atomic structure is vast, yet requires but a small key to release it.

Dr. Le Bon investigated a phenomenon which had eluded many of his own contemporaries, and one which he classified along with radioactivity. The phosphorescence of materials under invisible light, lying in the infrared frequencies, made possible his assertions concerning a kind of radar which was surprising in its scope. This lightform, he discovered, was everywhere to be seen by the proper detectors, for this energy was capable of penetrating all materials, with relatively few (metals of a certain group and carbon) exceptions. In fact, this energy so saturated all things, that it was possible to take photographs of objects while inside a darkened room. While we suspected that the energy he discovered was not at all common infrared light (for a number of reasons had in studying these passages) we do believe strongly that he had again seen another bridge in the gap between the purely inert energies studied by accepted scientism and the living energies which we pursue.

What becomes fascinatingly apparent to us as we study these texts is the clear message that all materials are radioactive. Matter is becoming pure ether over varying time periods, after undergoing successive levels of natural dissociation into observable particles and energies. Also, we see clear indications that no separations existed in Dr. Le Bon’s mind concerning phosphorescence and radioactivity. In fact, the actions of Crooke’s tubes, Tesla coils, Oudin coils, and Roentgen tubes were all taken as equivalent actions with naturally occurring radium. To him they were all accomplishing the same results in dissociating matter into progressively finer particles until pure ether was reached.

Many of his noted experiments were made in order to determine just what materials would dissociate freely into specific particles. He performed and described many reproducible experiments whose aim was the triggered release of intra-atomic energy via high frequency bombardment. Thus several experiments pre-date Moray’s transmutation experiments, and show us arrangements whereby points of specific materials are made to forcibly disintegrate into particles. In one such arrangement, particles were actually made to project through several “solid” screens of mica, ebonite, etc.. These experiments I found most instructive, as they reported so many dishonored and suppressed facts, that it was difficult at first to assimilate the new knowledge. Further reading cleared up the difficulties. It became obvious that a group consensus had been arrived at in those early days of research, and the more competitive person jammed all the free channels of discourse, arriving at hasty group conclusions. Most of these are replete with errors and half-truths concerning natural actions and phenomena. It is a wonder that we had not rebelled against their edicts much longer ago.

Le Bon managed to prove that transmutations can be made to improve materials by successive stages and suitable energies available. He particularly was making valid points as to the design and operation of atomic furnaces. The true atomic energy he was working with dealt with the dematerialization of fuel into pure ether, not the mere fission of uranium atoms with its hideous waste products. Had Le Bon persevered the cause beyond the laboratory, he would have rivaled all his competitors. Such beautiful visions summon all the older views of the Victorian Era in its quest for atomic energy sources. Theirs was the more idealistic and truer view which found its reply in Le Bon’s real research findings. As is often the case in history, the desire anticipates the truth. The darker side of this fact is the fierce competition which clouds the truth and its reply to our heartfelt desires; and which floods our world over with false campaigns and false technologies based, not upon the vision-ideal, but upon the inert scientisms of a group consensus.

Whenever frustration is met with arrogance both often give way to any expedient which seems to work. Such strategies are never designed along visionary lines. The accumulation of these actions, over the last several centuries, has led us progressively into the ignorance of the inert worlds with their degenerated technologies. We must and will persevere against these powers with patience and vision. We must learn to wait for answers rather than implementing the vagaries of electrodynamics and thermodynamics as the power-elite would have us do. These has been left us such a plethora of wonders, not only reported but real – real in every aspect and awaiting implementation. Such an army of products would conquer the existing technology if sold at the grassroots level without benefit of patronship. Dr. Le Bon fought this fight all his life, and was at last utterly rejected by his associates. His name has been stricken from the record, his books removed from all worthy libraries.

A scientist who discovered the means of altering the half-life of radium and measurably proved it should never have seen so vilely treated; unless what he had to say and prove were so threatening that the pathologic academia was repelled. What he had found so altered their fixed dogmatic notions that they were helpless before his assertions. Le Bon claimed that to remove “emanation” – a radioactive substance he had isolated – from radium, was to deplete its store of radiance almost to zero! What this represented was the true core of etheric interaction within any energetic material. Le Bon envisioned a world which would utilize Tesla coil-like engines, whose minor electrical bombardments would easily release more energy than that used in the trigger process. Intraatomic energy results in the dissociation of materials into ether, with the subsequent release of huge amounts of stored energy. Neither would this energy be lost, claimed Le Bon, for the natural process which formed the condensed ether (matter) would again recreate and regenerate the released ether, man would simply harness the transformational stages on earth in the proper furnaces.

For those who are truly interested in discovering the sourcebooks of Moray and many others, we here present these valuable texts for the general fund of knowledge. We believe more good will come out of their release that the keeping of them among ourselves. Experimenters will love these texts, since they are filled with reproducible experiments of every kind, and which contain some generally unknown marvels which should have been shouted aloud from the rooftops. In truth, these facts together form the foundations of a new and better world. We should take, their good advice and uncover their true implications.

EVOLUTION OF MATTER
by Dr. Gustave Le Bon
This is a photocopy of a rare and sought after manuscript from 1906. Le Bon was the first to deduce that all matter is continually in a state of dissociation and decay and that the atom is a great reservoir of energy, and itself the source of most of the forces in the universe. This is backed with scientific researches into invisible radiations, phosphorescence, and electro-magnetic waves and delves into the variability of emanations from “radio-active” elements aftervarious treatments. Modern “nuclear” energy is nothing more than use of the waste heat from the atomic reaction to make steam and drive electrical generators. Le Bon provides an objective background on which to approach the electrical-atomic forces in such a way as to utilize them properly, for the betterment of humanity instead of the use of the grossest attributes of matter we see today.

EVOLUTION OF FORCES
by Dr. Gustave Le Bon
A continuation of the original theories of Evolution of Matter, now extended to the forces of the universe. Covers the Transformation of Matter into Force: Magnetism, Magnetic Induction, different forms of Electricity, Electric Waves, Heat, Light, Black Light, Visible & Invisible Phosphorescence, Gravitation, Hidden Forces, Molecular & Intra-Atomic Forces, and, Forces Manifested in Living Beings. The basis for a new physics.

Related articles:

1. Book Review: “Your Body’s Many Cries for Water”
2. Black Waves
3. An Introduction to the Mysteries of Ground Radio

(Concluded from The Broadcast Power of Nikola Tesla – Part 2)

COMPLETING a tour of the major scientific institutes in America, Tesla expected to retire for a season of rest in New York once again. News of his advancements however, flooded every technical trade journal. The name Tesla was everywhere once again. First polyphase and now radiant electricity. He was the “darling” of the press. Tesla captured the public eye once again. People everywhere were thrilled with the projected future visions which Tesla freely provided. He was a model European immigrant, suave and debonair. These are probably the qualities which first attracted Anne Morgan. Irresistible, wealthy, unattached, and warm. Tesla was her obsession.

Despite his great personal charm and magnetic personality, he maintained his serious tone and poise wherever he went. The vision of the future was far more important than the attentions of a young and flirtatious lady. In anticipation of these forthcoming events, Tesla often invited other socially esteemed guests to his laboratory for special demonstrations. In this manner, it was noised abroad that what he claimed was in fact real. Anne often attended these gatherings, breathing silently in the shadows of his large loft laboratory.

There were others who, although not attending these demonstrations, were equally watchful of Tesla’s newest radiant energy developments. Several of these persons, shall we say, were interested in his new discovery and its implications.. .because their fortunes were threatened. Tesla had swept the world once with polyphase. He wiped out Edison’s Direct Current System overnight. J.P. Morgan, Edison’s recent “patron”, had lost a considerable sum during that fiasco. It was certain that Tesla would soon sweep the world again with broadcast electricity. This destabilizing influence would not be tolerated. Anne complicated the affair considerably. She was in love with Tesla. Obsessed in fact. Too obsessed and desperate to let go.

ROYAL SOCIETY LECTURES

In the very midst of all these national attentions, Tesla received an invitation from Lord Kelvin. He was formally requested to address the Royal Society, his latest findings were earnestly desired. The English, usually extremely conservative, were sure that Tesla would change the course of world history.

Tesla, adjourning from his daily researches now prepared himself for the lectures which would start the world-change. He packed nearly every piece of delicate equipment one can imagine. Vacuum tubes, Transformers, strange motors, and equally strange wireless apparatus. All were carefully crated and personally brought to Europe by Tesla himself. His beloved elder and personal mentor, Sir William Crookes, greeted him.

In the opening portions of his Royal Society lectures Tesla first described his preliminary work with high voltage high frequency alternating currents in some length. He explained that these devices embodied the very last investigations and improvements of his Polyphase System. He demonstrated several of the first small high frequency alternators and iron-core induction coils in order to prepare his audience for a final announcement.

In this very last dramatic demonstration Tesla revealed to British Academia the disruptive electric discharge and the properties of electric rays. Tesla made a rare and complete “full disclosure” of the electric ray effect at the very end of his lecture. It was the very last time he would ever do so again in academic circles.

Tesla showed that the new radiant electricity was distinctive, having been openly proclaimed during the London Royal Society lectures. Tesla deliberately compared and contrasted the potent impulse radiance to his previous weak effects produced by alternating currents (February 1892). Fluorescent lamps and other luminous wonders held his audience spellbound. All the while his voice, tenor-like by excitement, rang throughout the silent awestruck hall.

He demonstrated wireless lamps, lit to full brilliance by radiant electricity. He ran small motors at sizable distances for his audiences to see. This last lecture represents the only recorded instance in which Tesla openly announced his discovery of the electro-radiant impulse. He tells the personally revolutionizing aspect of his discovery and how it virtually eradicates his previous work. He went to great detail verbally describing and disclosing the exact means for eliciting the phenomenon.

In his closing time Tesla quickly demonstrates special “electrostatic” motors and lamps made to utilize the radiant effect. Examination of these first lamp and vane-motor devices reveals their primitive and initial state. Tesla modeled the motor after the Crookes radiometer, stating this fact publicly for the benefit of his revered mentor. Tesla finally stated the vast implications of the discovery. He pointed their minds toward the establishment of true power transmission. He prophetically announced the new civilization which would emerge from these first devices and systems. The world would be completely revolutionized by this new principle. Tesla described beam-transmission of electrical energy, and the possibility of harnessing the radiant energies of space itself.

Those who had witnessed Tesla’s entire demonstration were completely enthralled at his results, but misunderstood his new announcement completely. This became apparent to Tesla a short while after he, highly decorated and honored, departed for his Parisian tour. British Science was yet delving into Teslian high frequency alternations. Tesla had already disposed of these discoveries as mere preparatory introductions to impulses.

Tesla showed by way of comparison that disruptive field impulse transcendently exceed all other electro-inductive effects by several orders. He expressed difficulty in discerning whether the effects were electrostatic or electrodynamic in nature, preferring to associate them more with electrostatic effects. We deduce that he had only recently begun developing the electric impulse effect because of his hesitance in identifying the phenomena properly.

Tesla was stringently exact in all his statements. This seems uncharacteristic of his scientific nature. But he did this in true scientific openness. Tesla did not know exactly what was occurring in the electric impulse at that time, desiring only to share the discovery openly and candidly. Academic disapproval of his personal semantics came swiftly in journal after journal.

It is clear that Sir William Crookes completely grasped the significance of Tesla’s entire demonstration and realized the closing formal announcement of the new electric force. Crookes could not contain the thrilling implications. He was also sure that the new force would completely revolutionize the scientific world.

Crookes upheld Tesla thereafter as the true discoverer of an unrecognized electrical force. Tesla continued correspondence with his mentor after his departure from England. He had hoped that his dramatic announcement and demonstration would produce a new regime of electrical engineering, and that others would now reproduce the radiant electric effects as described. His hopes would be strangely dashed to pieces in the coming years when the derisive academic attacks began.

To European academes, the lecture series was astounding. It was a glimpse of the future, so clear that few could find time to argue with Tesla at all. Tesla concluded his tour of England and France, everywhere heralded in typical Victorian heroic style. One night, while in Paris, a telegram informed him that his mother was on point of death. Rushing to her bedside, he managed a few hours of final conversation.

He always referred to her as the one who completely understood his strange abilities. Was she not the woman who had encouraged him when he first remarked about his childhood visions? When siblings and friends derided him, she was his support. Early the next morning, in an adjacent house, he was abruptly awaken by a vision. What he beheld changed his life. A seraphic host surrounded his mother. She was ascending into bright clouds. Several minutes after that, the announcement came. His mother had quietly passed away. He spent a torturous week in his native land for her funeral, and fled back again to New York.

REVERSALS

When English engineers wrote, asking the means for generating his impulse effects, Tesla gave them very strict descriptive parameters. He never failed to openly disclose the secret by which his spectacular effects were obtained. He had learned to freely share what he knew with all. He was surprised to discover that the academic societies who so warmly addressed him in Europe, were gradually losing interest in his discovery. Being utterly incapable of duplicating his specified parameters, most believed the effects to be “dubious”.

The impulse effect had very stringent requirements before its manifestation. Care in constructing impulse generators was the basic requirement. Engineers wanted equations. Tesla gave them descriptions. A few experimenters succeeded in later duplicating Tesla’s broadcast electricity effects. But these systems were direct descendants of Tesla’s earliest and less efficient designs.
It is often in the nature of academes to forgo empirically evident facts and argue personal differences, especially when foreign personalities are given excessive adulation. Fixated on issues having to do with words and personal poise, Tesla’s audiences found several acrid voices whose equally vile publications dared tamper with Tesla’s character.

New critics were everywhere, even at home. Dolbear, Thomson, and even Pupin found time to criticize and deride Tesla. Because most younger academes relied entirely on schooling and less on empirical method, they were easily swayed by academic opinion. Tesla underestimated the power of media and of opinions in underrating his abilities. He quickly found that public opinion could actually sway scientific opinion. He failed to see who was behind the media campaign.

Tesla disregarded his antagonistic colleagues. Crookes always deferred to Tesla, whom he admired and loved as a younger protégé. Tesla revered the aged Crookes, upon whose confidence he came to rely during more difficult years. Crookes had been given a true Tesla Transformer when Tesla had given his lectures. The small device was potent, giving the uncharacteristic effects which Tesla had always claimed. This single piece of evidence was left in England for all to see. Remarkably, this evidence did not silence the critics.

Tesla could see no reason in all of this. Something did not quite “add up”. Even Tesla could see that there was a missing part of the “equation”. Discovering this part would explain his own reversals. As if these personally devastating events were not enough for him, the insolent young Anne continued haunting him at his every turn. He continued being “polite” to her, but never more than this.

Crookes wrote many times to the Royal Society and to Tesla concerning this fact. Sure that Tesla was a modern Faraday, Crookes continued espousing the belief that Tesla had discovered the next historically important electrical advancement. He was encouraged to continue research despite his protagonists. Few academes trusted Tesla’s methods now. Fewer yet listened any longer to his statements.

Losing credibility as quickly as he had found it, financiers were slow to trust investing in his new systems. His inventions continued their steady march into electrical history. Each new device chronicles a new step in the technology which should have changed the world. He plunged himself headlong into work. Only work would vindicate him. Opinion would fade when others gradually saw the astounding developments which he would produce. In these actions, Tesla revealed his noble and naive nature. The world had changed, but changed toward a more brutish rule.

BROADCAST POWER

He set to work developing more powerful embodiments of his initial Transformers. In order to make a Broadcast Electrical System possible it would be necessary to devise more efficient transformers. He set to work on this very task, examining and dissecting every fundamental part of his existing Transformers.

Tesla discovered that excessive sparking, though impressive to observers, were actually “lossy instabilities”. The distant radiant effects he desired were interrupted and distorted whenever sparking occurred. Both sparking and brush discharges actually ruined the distant broadcast effects of radiant electricity, a situation which had to be remedied. Tesla sought elimination of the discharges now. Tesla had already found that metals could focus radiant electrical effects. Additional stability in his Transformers could be achieved with the addition of large copper spheres to the active terminals. Tesla considered copper spheres to be “aether gas reservoirs”, providing his transmitters with an additional aether gas supply.

Copper spheres attached to Transformer terminals reduced the required electrical levels for an efficient electric radiance. Copper spheres significantly reduced the injurious instabilities of visually spectacular brush discharges, but did not eliminate them entirely. What Tesla required was a new means for transmitting the radiant electricity without loss.

Tests with elevated copper spheres facilitated efficient transfer of radiant power between the Transformer and surrounding space. Now, Tesla Transformers became true Tesla Transmitters. Tesla found it possible to broadcast harmless radiant electricity with great power to very great distances. Numerous subsequent patents recorded his progressive conquest of the broadcast power principle.

He succeeded in making radiant electricity safe for human use. It would simply travel around conductors if made to impulse quickly enough. Only specially entuned receivers could properly intercept the radiant power for utility. Not three years before he had accidentally discovered the radiant electrical effect. He dreamt of safely sending electrical power without wires in 1892. Now, in 1895, he had realized his dream. Would the system work across the vast distances which he envisioned?

He took his more portable Transmitters outdoors, away from the confines of his South Fifth Street laboratory. Both in northern Manhattan and Long Island, Tesla tested his radiant broadcast systems without restriction. He measured the distant radiant electric effects of these designs in electrostatic volts. Broadcast power could be converted back into current electricity if so desired, the harmless high voltage becoming current in appropriate low resistance transformer coils.

He found to his very great surprise that very distantly positioned vacuum tubes could be lit to great white brilliance when the primary system was operating. The requirement for this action was twofold. First both the system and the receivers had to be grounded. Second, specific volumes of copper had to be connected to the receivers. When these two requirements were satisfied, lamps maximized their brilliance, and motors operated with power.

Copper in the receiver had to “match” the copper mass of the transmitter in a very special equivalence, otherwise radiant transfer would not be efficient. The requirements differed very much from those of ordinary radio antennas. He also found that elevated copper spheres more powerfully enhanced the broadcast radiant power from his transmitters. This was Tesla’s means by which his transmitters and receivers could be better “connected” despite their distance.

Tesla believed that these electrical beams invisibly linked both his transmitter and receivers together. He considered each as “disconnected terminals” to ground. Electrical radiance spread out in all directions from the elevated copper sphere of his transmitter. The secret in receiving a maximum signal was to match the transmitter’s copper mass with the receiver mass. Then, the aether streams would actually focus into the matched receiver. This affinity would take time, the transmitter energy “searching” for better ground sites. Radiant electricity evidenced curiously vegetative “growth characteristics”.

Receivers now were outfitted with small copper spheres. These provided a more efficient affinity and absorption for the radiated power. The additional copper spheres which surmounted Tesla transmitters effectively lowered the input electrical power for the production of focused aether discharges.

Tesla took the gas dynamic analogy to another level when he found that both low pressure gaseous and vacuum tubes could replace copper. Electro-radiant effects from gas-filled globes were projected with less electrical loss and even greater power. Large low pressure argon gas filled globes were empirically found to broadcast tremendous radiance when used atop his transmitters. Additionally, he found that argon gas at low pressures could serve as an equivalent receiver as pure copper spheres. The gas filled globes would be less costly than copper spheres to disseminate in public use. He was approaching a totally efficient system. Numerous personages were invited to observe these historic tests. J.H. Hammond Jr. was one such individual. Enthralled with Tesla’s developments, he and his wife invited Tesla repeatedly to their home in later years. Tesla was their honored guest for months at a time. Later in years, after World War I, both Tesla and Hammond worked on robotics and remote control.

Tesla envisioned small power units for both home and industrial use. The installation and maintenance of these units would require a small monthly fee. Through these wireless units one could draw sufficient power to operate factories and homes alike. Electrical usage could be metered. The superiority of this new broadcast power system was obvious to all who observed it in operation.

Tesla also described the use of these power units for transportation. Transatlantic ships could simply draw their motive power from continental power broadcast stations. Trains and automobiles could be operated by drawing their power. The potential fortunes would soon stimulate financiers to invest heavily in the “coming activity”

In keeping with his publicity-mindedness, several investors were always invited to Tesla’s private demonstrations. Tesla knew that their urge to support his new world-shaking venture would become irresistible when once each had beheld his small broadcast power system. The demonstrations were deemed by these individuals as “entertaining”, in their typical dry tone. But, he rarely heard from these people again.

Here was a new change. Shy moneymen. A true contradiction.

Their reticence left Tesla in a state of bewilderment. Once, in a ditch, his conversation alone was sufficient perfume to attract the bees. Now? None would dare leap into the new world sea. Why? What sharks were there besides themselves? Tesla could simply not understand this new “dearth”, this incredulous conservatism and lack of imagination on the part of New York investors.

Eager to begin, Tesla patiently waited for the messengers to call. Had he known more of the world around him, however, he would have stopped waiting. Shortly after Tesla’s private demonstrations were concluded, Morgan’s agent approached Tesla with a “business proposition”. The bribe being sizable, contracts would have placed Morgan in control of Tesla’s new system. Tesla laughed at the pale little Mr. Brown in his pinching-tight tails, informing him that he himself was already a millionaire. Why should he need such an affiliation at all? He was escorted very graciously by the amused Tesla.

While dining in the Waldorf several hours later, a rude interruption informed him that his laboratories were ablaze. The connection between his refusal to bow and the flames which now reached skyward was not made until all was consumed. That night, the world changed completely for Nikola Tesla. He lost everything of his past. Everything. The totality of his technological achievements were burned into vapor. Books, priceless souvenirs, delicate equipment, patents, models, drawings, new pieces of apparatus. Everything was burned. He read the message well.

There was a two week period where he simply vanished. No one could find him. Kolman Czito, his trusted technical foreman and machinist feared for Tesla’s life. Katherine Underwood Johnson was beside herself with anguish. She was the wife of a close friend, the only real love of Tesla’s life. The fire was meant to kill. It was a message as clear as anyone would need. The assassination attempt failed to kill the intended victim. It certainly did not kill his dreams.

Wherever he was for those two weeks, the dreams were with him. But a part of Nikola Tesla died in the fire. It was the part which was tied to the past. His eyes on the future, Tesla developed his discovery into a major technology which the world seems to have forgotten. Of all those who prayed and wept over Tesla’s disappearance, one person was no longer concerned. Never again would Anne need to be troubled by the thought of Nikola Tesla. His love was already sealed. Tesla recovered from the flames.

His subsequent discoveries and inventions surpassed his former works for forty more years; special radiation projectors, self-acting heat engines, power transmitters, remote control and robotics, the “World Broadcast System”, Beam Broadcast transmitters, “aetheric reactors and aetheric engines”, cosmic ray motors, psychotronic television: the list of astounding inventions is truly awe-inspiring. Tesla demonstrated each of these systems for a select group of witnesses.

Furthermore, despite rumors of his public and scientific demise, Tesla maintained two penthouse suites atop the Hotel New Yorker in a time when such extravagance was otherwise unobtainable. One of these suites was converted into a complete radio laboratory, several accoutrements of which having been retrieved by antique radio enthusiasts. Tesla was an indefatigable researcher.

Indeed, the biography of Nikola Tesla is replete with truly mysterious designs and developments. But these are parts of his biography which must be told in other volumes…

Nikola Tesla (1856 – 1943) was a visionary, inventor, and engineer, most commonly known today for his revolutionary contributions to the field of electromagnetism, including alternating current and radio, but, as we on the Borderlands know… that’s not all he did for us!

Interested in Nikola Tesla? Want to read more about his own research and the research his work has inspired? Check out our Nikola Tesla books, including the incredible Tesla technology research of Eric Dollard and George Trinkaus, all available through our Borderland Research Catalog.

Related articles:

1. The Broadcast Power of Nikola Tesla (Part 2)
2. The Broadcast Power of Nikola Tesla (Part 1)
3. Communicating with Mars: The Experiments of Tesla & Hodowanec

(Continued from Borderland Visionary: The Life of Sir William Crookes – Part 1)

ELEMENTS

[Crookes's] astute enterprising aims had as their first order of priority a self sufficiency without aristocratic rule or restriction. He would be independent and self-employed. “Owe no man anything” was the lesson. As his father was successful in the art of tailor craft, so he would reach independent success in the scientific profession. Von Hoffmann had been a good and thorough master. He taught him well by example, and had highly favored and encouraged William. I am sure he insisted on calling him “Wilhelm.” In the isolation and efficient production of new chemical substances, there were new fortunes to be made.

William Crookes saw that this theme and atmosphere so contributed to the German industrial power base that to deny it was foolhardy. Worse, it might someday prove deadly. Competitive Germany had thoroughly recognized these scientific potentials, and were quick to implement every fruit of technical achievement. His strong opinion was contained in the notion that scientific labor should be justly and amply rewarded. Valuable scientific knowledge was not a free tithe, no mere resource. His nation needed to implement the free enterprise theme as rapidly as possible.

Exploitation was no longer to be tolerated. The German approach did not prohibit the exchange of information between and among persons of different class. Not so in England, where scientists and their technologies were viewed by royalty as exploitable resource for the personal extension of profit and power. By the end of the same decade, Germany would outstrip the English industrial facility on several key grounds. By the time the aristocrats were roused from their self deceiving slumber of peace, the whole of Great Britain had been shaken to its patristic roots.

Throughout the early history of this laboratory, Dr. William Crookes devoted himself to the discovery of industrial applications. The industrial production of new products was his aim, but this goal did not prevent him from exploring the natural world of chemistry. He was forever investigating new families of chemical substances which might prove in the future to be of strategic industrial importance. This native curiosity permitted him to be first in the discovery of new elements, compounds, and their possible use in some burgeoning industrial complex. In 1859 he initiated and directed the publication of The Chemical News, a scholarly journal whose aim it was to stimulate both the professional and amateur chemists into a new industrial revolution. He remained its principle editor for several years.

Serious theoretical and industrial information thus flowed from him and to him. The flow of such material was timely. In this theme and approach, Dr. Crookes explored the strange properties of selenium, a new “light sensing” element. The year was 1861, and selenium was the focus of several intriguing discoveries. Photoelectric effects were observed, and the extreme sensitivity of selenium to various spectra promised new industrial frontiers. It would therefore be imperative to be the principle provider of information on the topic area. In the eventuality of new applications, industrialists would want ready information on the manufacture of selenium components. William was always in the lead, especially when the more mystifying aspects of Nature made themselves apparent.

His intuitions were well rewarded when, in the next decade, selenium became the principle means by which certain highly desirable electrical analyzing instruments were made possible. In the process of studying selenium, William succeeded in discovering a new element. The element thallium was discovered in 1861, the result of a spectroscopic study. He recognized its unique strong green spectral line. Here was the word which Faraday himself had spoken. Here was the rarest of privileges, an honor granted to a very few individuals. How curious and fortunate that he had been chosen to assume such an exalted scientific poise in science history!

The discovery had its industrial merits. Lucrative merits. Poisonous metallic thallium, a bluish-white element, was utilized as a catalyst in the industrial manufacture of benzene and antiknock fuels. In its other chemical uses, thallium found prime application in the manufacture of flint, glass, artificial gems, scientific thermometers, mineralogical washing solutions, and pyrotechnics. In the following years Dr. Crookes developed sodium amalgamation methods for the commercial extraction of gold and silver from crushed ores, devised laboratory-worthy spectrum microscopes and polarization photometers, compiled planetary and stellar spectra, perfected astronomical photography, and hunted for new planets and asteroids.

So it was, in 1863, Dr. Crookes was elected to the Royal Society as a Fellow.

WHITE LIGHT

It was while investigating certain properties of thallium in vacuum (1873) that he chanced to observe a unique motional effect in a delicate torsion balance. The mere presence of light, whether from the sun or an artificial source, made impossible the routine task of weighing the element in vacuum. Dr. Crookes saw that, as soon as light was admitted into his balancing apparatus, the delicate device moved quite violently. In some cases, the torsion balance struck its containment walls. The mere presence of light so destabilized the delicate quartz fiber of his torsion balance, that he paused from this chemical study.

With external sources of illumination, he found that vacua of 40 millionths atmosphere allowed the most powerful rotation in the vanes. With internal sources of radiant heat, he found it possible to obtain much stronger rotations. These were observed (over 30 rotations per second) in hydrogen gas at 0.1 millionth atmospheres…a remarkable figure! The observation of movements with vanes coated on both sides in lampblack. . .a complete conundrum.. .could find few good explanations. Nor could the mechanistic theory attempt adequate explanation of the other numerous anomalies found in his study.

Deeper inquiry into the “mechanical action of light” led to a minor upheaval in the world of physics. The philosophical debate which discussed the “light pressure” remained a focal point for years, since a reversal of theoretical expectations was obtained. The fundamental anomaly which Dr. Crookes and others observed was that “light pressure” caused the repulsion of dark bodies, and the attraction of reflective bodies. This basic riddle occupied the thoughts of many physicists for several years. Dr. Crookes published his findings in a long series of articles and scientific essays; where the variables of vacuum, substance, vane shape, even or uneven surface heating, and applied spectral energy were each studied with the utmost care. (The complete record of his meticulous research may be obtained in collated form a. DeMeo).

As regard to the anomalies which he observed, Dr. Crookes was bold and decisive. “In some of the observations, the results accorded with theory; and although I could explain most of the anomalies, there were irregularities which seemed to point to another influence…” Another influence? To what influence did he possibly refer? He had eliminated all of the mechanistic variables with elaborate shields and baffles. In fact, these inconsistencies were never solved and, with attempts to give answer according to the mechanistic theory, were entirely unsatisfactory.

The prevailing view among physicists was that the opposite vane rotations and other behaviors were all the result of molecular bombardments within the glass bulb. Varieties of mechanical dynamics (gaseous flow, viscosity, “creep,” recoil) along vane surfaces were cited in explanation of each anomalies. But each such puzzle required new and (sometimes self-contradicting) applications of the mechanical principles. The glaring inability to provide satisfactory explanations for key phenomena lent an increasing number of scholars to assail the mechanistic view itself. Accusations of the obvious deficiency in this view, especially in explaining the newly discovered phenomena of the day, represented the first in a series of major failures.

The mechanistic view was shown to be inadequate in such cases as regards various phenomena of light and other radiant forms. The trend to save “mechanism” continued through the Twentieth Century. Renewed interest in this episode of scientific inadequacy has evoked response from several researchers such as Dr. James DeMeo. This esteemed researcher and author considers the strong likelihood that such anomalies are entirely due to more vitalistic influences. The possibility that the anomalous results of Crookes were entirely derived from external influence of his own presence (i.e. of biological energy) has provided the most potent reevaluation of the phenomenon to date.

TOYS

In all of these important considerations we see that the mechanistic view and its explanations usually results from highly valued topical effects of least importance, caused by more dominant fundamental energies of Nature. Yet it is well known that Sir William inclined more toward these vitalistic possibilities, having observed motions on his own approach to the device. And, while never publishing his deeper inclinations on these issues, it is known that his study of paranormal forces were commendable in his employ of numerous sensitive apparatus.. .not the least of which was his Radiometer.

The debate on these “light pressure” anomalies prompted Dr. Crookes to bring the effect out of the academic halls and into the public forum. His development of the Radiometer for serious scientific use was a matter of scientific record. But this serious application did not limit his wonderful imagination from teaching children of its marvels. So delightful was the Radiometer, or “light mill” as he often called it, that an inexpensive version was developed for toy shoppes. The small scientific “toy” has remained both a curiosity and amusement since its first appearance. Of it Nikola Tesla gave fond homage, referring to the delicate design as “the jewel of motors.”

This first of many such “toys” became a distinct Crookes trademark, an ultimate “soft” vengeance. “In this realm of marvels, this wonderland toward which scientific enquiry is sending out its pioneers, can anything be more astonishing than the delicacy of the instrumental aids which the workers bring with them?” Dr. Crookes was relentless in his provocation of the scientific aristocracy. His deliberate conception and deployment of a great many such “toys” was directed at their fancies. He would haunt both them and their children.. with scientific “amusements” and “toys.” Crookes was the great scientific toy maker, but delighted in presenting them to those who would acquire them as curiosities.

Simultaneously cunning and humorous, the designs produced for his laboratory a steady source of capital. They also accomplished their primary task of preserving the various vitalistic conundrums everywhere. Crookes was especially delighted that the aristocrats perceived these as amusing devices to purchase. With his guidance, and the “skillful manipulations of my friend, pupil, and associate, Mr. Charles H. Gimingham,” the manufacture of a vast laboratory demonstration assortment was offered to the scientific community at large. Both in England and abroad, in America, sales of these marvelous and glittering Victorian designs brought in an important steady revenue. These designs were distributed in North America by James Queen and Company, a scientific supply house based in Philadelphia.

BLACK SPACE

Sir William’s scientific approach differed from the growing convention. His approach appealed to the philosophical aesthetic, rather than to the engineering theme. His demonstrations were never intended to represent miniatures for technological exploitation. In the Victorian tradition, experimental models and demonstrations represented philosophical statements. Each was made to consolidate some principle, to embody an idea. Experimental models were statements in solid form. Such devices were therefore always referred to, not as industrial appliances, but rather as “philosophical toys”; his elegant and final answer to each challenging polemic.

Sir William delighted in contriving such designs in order to provide wordless proof of each thesis. In 1877, he began his most world-renown series of researches into the discharge of high voltage electricity through spaces of very high vacuum. The automatic mercury pumps of Herman Sprengel were much improved on behalf of Dr. Crookes, again by Charles H. Gimingham (1877). It was this improvement which stimulated the new and thrilling research, since prior to this time, the reasonably attained vacua were insufficient to produce the effects which were historically first obtained by Dr. Crookes.

His first major discovery was one typical of the style and flair by which he would be best remembered. Bringing the vacuum to its ultimate degree, he observed a mysterious “dark space”. This was the metaphor which most captivated his scientific attentions, a symbol and representative of space itself. But what was in that dark space? He called again for the lights to be withdrawn. They had seen his preliminary demonstration of phosphorescence, but had they comprehended the meaning of those phenomena? Had they pierced through to his exact intimations concerning that phenomena?

Were they able to realize that no phosphorescence, no light is ever emitted unless substances are completely wrapped and permeated in a blanket of absolute darkness? Did they appreciate that every condition of earthly light was first predicated in every instance by a permeation of radiant black space? His voice again rang into the dark space of the Hall. “I will endeavor to render the ‘dark space’ visible to all present. Here is a tube having a pole in the centre in the form of a metal disk, and the other poles at each end.” The large barreled tube which he stood near on the table was fitted with a disc-shaped central cathode, facing two opposed anodes; one at each end. Current was applied.

“When the exhaustion is good and the electrical pressure is high… the dark space is seen to extend for about an inch on both sides of the cathode.” The luminous gas residue withdrew to the anodes, being tightly squeezed upon their metal surfaces. But the dark space remained. Clearly, all matter had been forced away from this space, otherwise it would be glowing with light. In the dark space were rays whose power “…radiating from the pole with enormous velocity, assume properties so novel and so characteristic as to entirely justify the application of the term borrowed from Faraday… that of Radiant Matter.”

There were those who had always mistakenly believed that his Radiant Matter was simply composed of electrons, even as J. J. Thomson had sought to prove. But Sir William could never have disagreed more. To him, the dark space was filled with “dark light,” the precursor to every form of light known to the world of physics. It was the energetic presence of this dark light which provoked the phosphorescence of any substance placed within that dark space. As he was about to prove again, the dark space was completely devoid of inert, or massive particles. He would now separate the negative charges from the neutral dark light particles. The next few demonstrations were therefore designed to highlight his original statements concerning cathodic rays and precursory light.

The younger and more acrid members of the Society, the posh appointees of fashion and advantage, remained completely unimpressed with his outpourings. Their affections forever fawned among the acceptable conventions, since this poise always seemed to preserve and a greater social favor.. .an assured measure of decorum. For them, learning was unimportant. Face and keeping face was all.

Nevertheless, he remained courtly, noble, and somehow impossible not to watch. There was an unmistakable luminosity about the man which was also difficult to deny. It seemed to brighten whenever he spoke. “It is not unlikely that in the experiments here recorded maybe found the key of some as yet unsolved problems in celestial mechanics.. .we may argue from small things to great.” The audience saw his vague outline moving to the far side of the proscenium. They turned to see. Sir William now stood among a select series of vacuum tubes, also now decades old. With these large demonstration vessels, he would provoke his detractors into a renewed revelation of Radiant Matter.

EMERALD

He opened this section of the lecture with a simple statement. “To those, therefore, who admit the Radiant form of matter, no difficulty exists in the simplicity of the properties it possesses, but rather an argument in their favor.” He stood behind a second apparatus, a large V-shaped vacuum tube, and applied the voltage. “You see that the whole of the cathode arm is flooded with green light, but at the bottom stops sharply, and will not turn the comer to get to the anode…. Radiant Matter absolutely refuses to turn a corner.” By this it was understood that cathodic rays did not behave like ordinary electric charge, which would have eagerly sought the positive terminal. Many imagined that the high terminal velocity, imparted to these rays on ejection from the cathode, actually constrained the rays from seeking the electropositive terminal. They remained unconvinced that the rays were “rays of dark light.”

A third large bulb stood near this V-shaped tube. This bulb had a cathode which had been sealed in the side. Two anodes had been sealed at opposing angles and at differing distances from this cathode. The current was applied. “Notice,” he said, “the rays fall on the opposing side of the bulb, and produce a circular patch of green phosphorescent light. As I turn the bulb round you will all be able to see the green patch on the glass. Whether I now electrify the top or bottom anode, the rays remain unmoved from their path…. Radiant Matter darts in straight lines from the negative.”

The positive proximity to the ray path did not alter the beam in the least. Were these the light mass particles claimed by Thomson and his adherents, this ray path would have bent to the closer anode. But it did not. He beamed nearly as bright as one of his tubes. Now he turned to a very large diameter tube. His fourth proof for the existence of cathode light rays. It was long, fitted at one end with a split cathode. At the other end was a single anode. Through the center of this tube, a phosphor coated card was placed for the visual inspection of cathode rays in their progress across the space. “If the streams of Radiant Matter are simply built up of negatively electrified particles, then they will repel one another. But if the streams are neutral, then they will proceed independently of one another.”

Now switching the current on, two straight and brilliant green rays traced their thin paths across the card. The surprised reaction in his audience was delightful! Both rays moved independently of the other. Each touched the anode separately. Though ejected from the cathode, such emission did not conclude negative charge. Here was the proof. Sir William showed again that Radiant Matter was a neutral, light like form of energy.

A fifth globe used a large concave cathode with an opposed planar anode. Between this cathode and its small anode, a strip of silver-white metal was poised on a sealed support wire. The globe was very large in size. “The bright margin of the Dark Space becomes concentrated at the concave side of the cup to a luminous focus, and widens out at the convex side. When the dark space is very much larger than the cup, its outline forms an irregular ellipsoid, drawn in toward the focal point… the whole appearance being strikingly similar to the rays of the sun reflected from a concave mirror.”

“You will notice that the rays which project from the cup, and which cross in the centre, have a bright green appearance… the intensity of the color varying with the perfection of the vacuum.” That strange green light, what equally bizarre properties it displayed! “The cup is made of polished aluminum, and projects the rays to a focus. In this tube, the rays focus on a piece of iridio-platinum, supported in the centre of the bulb.” The globe was ingenious, an embodiment of genuine insight. Those who long believed the inadequacy of the Victorians regained a lost admiration.

“With only a slight application of the current, the interposed metal strip suddenly became white hot. I increase the intensity of the spark, the iridio-platinum glows with almost insupportable brilliancy, and at last melts.” This demonstration showed a remarkable and uncommon property of Radiant Matter. In its apparent ability to defy the Faraday electrostatic laws, it could not be composed of negative particles. Leaving internal surfaces in converging lines, electrons could never be brought to such a tight focus without producing noticeable repulsions.

This radiant behavior more exhibited the characteristics of light than particles of matter. The radiant extension of the material shape into the vacuum was visual. It took the form of straight and continuous lines. On closer examination, and in taking consideration of electrostatic principles, here was a very different kind of ray than that which J. J. Thomson quantified.

RADIANT MATTER

Sir William again called for the lights. His coup-de-grace was a large and bulbous “electric” Radiometer. This demonstration Radiometer gave a most remarkable demonstration of the mechanical energy exerted by the dark space itself, a singular anomaly. “The best pressure for this Electrical Radiometer is a little beyond that at which the Dark Space extends to the sides of the glass bulb.” He attached the leads with ginger delight. Here was a “toy” which he especially enjoyed sharing with others. “On continuing the exhaustion, the Dark Space further widens out and appears to flatten itself against the glass, whence the rotation becomes very rapid.” Current was applied, and the vanes spun themselves into a blur.

“You perceive the dark space behind each vane, and moving round with it?” When the power was increased, the blackness covered the vanes completely, and the vanes began to rotate into an amazing blur. Here was true light pressure. Light pressure in the apparent absence of any material agency. In this device, motion required the mere presence of the dark space. But what was in this special space? Was it the literal extension of the cathode into the ultravacuum? Was this a revelation of the continuity of matter in space? How did vacuum and electrostatic charge now combine to expand the material volume of the cathode, revealing it as force? This was nothing less than the Reichenbach thesis, where matter and its diverse qualities extends throughout space.

“Here we have actually touched the borderland.. .where Matter and Force seem to merge into one another, the shadowy realm between Known and Unknown, which for me has always had peculiar temptations. I venture to think that the greatest scientific problems of the future will find their solution in this Border Land, and even beyond; here, it seems to me, lie Ultimate Realities, subtle, far-reaching, wonderful.” What an epithet! One might well draw the title for a scientific journal from his words.

The vacuum tubes thus provided a most potent visual means for elucidating each of these concepts. This visible proof, which the mind grasped, offered the noisy intellect perhaps more analytic substance to disannul. But the combined effect of the performance would force the intellectual process to relax, while the holistic sensibilities once more brought in true and whole vision. The analytic process simply disintegrated the world into nothingness. This qualitative grasp represented a larger consciousness. As often as he shared this demonstration model, his audiences remained completely enthralled. He knew the all too human need for colors, sounds, and motions … for sensation. Sensation, whole experience, was the proper use of the mind.

His experiments had revealed to him that matter and material aggregates were supported in their very existence by non-inertial form. This what the fourth state of matter represented, and this is precisely why it was so vehemently rejected. Here was the heart of Vitalism yet again revealed! In this revolutionary view, molecules and atoms vibrated about a lattice of “continuous matter.” The mobile particles of inertia were simply associated with these continuous solids, and were not themselves the real forms we knew as matter at all. Platonic solids contaminated by inertia! Collectively, the demonstration was a marvel, a true philosophical argument in the best Victorian tradition. His last display caused quite a commotion.

The younger aristocratic members, those who most sought to maintain their composure, were now shifting ever so slightly in their seats. He noticed this with glee. How tragic! They refused to so much as grant him any facial expression whatsoever, a too common conceit. Noticing the ill-cloaked irritation of his young aristocrats, Sir William chuckled. He did not care so much that they were vexed, as much as he was delighted that his point pierced their defense. For them, his beaming joy was detestable. To this animosity they were entitled. Nevertheless, amor vincit omnia!

Were they aware of their German counterparts, whose industrial complex was about to march across Europe to the very borders of England? Alas, theirs was a sleep of ages, from which they would soon awaken in frightful need. But there would now be no prating command for protection and service. Science and other working class “servants” would now exact their wage, their price. Among the burgeoning scientific class, those who had suffered so much indignity, there was no urgent obligation to the dwindling Empire. The free option to emigrate to North America was now forever their chief tool of threat. And if it was not possible to maintain the common human right in England, there was dignity, honor, and profit to be made over that westward sea horizon. Command would remain among those scientifics, those laboring minds whose experience in life had not known idle advantage.

RARE EARTH

Sir William had undertaken a thorough research on rare earth elements in 1883, a field of study which would have enormous strategic and industrial importance in the mid-Twentieth Century. His original research in this capacity brought him to a consideration of radioactive phenomena and the possibility of elemental transmutation, yet another term which the proud desperately wished to eradicate from the scientific register.

But Dr. Crookes was the first to observe that elements contain isotopes, noting that pure elements were composed of differing atomic weights (1886). His conception of transmuting the elements was therefore founded on sound reasoning, and clarified observation. Each of these notions were in part realized with the discoveries of Ernest Rutherford.

Sir William began to consider the possibility that all matter, all elements, were “built up” by a primordial aether. Where would such a primordial aether be found? Sir William held out his hand toward his tubes, emphasizing the effects which had just illustrated the heart of his dissertation by wordless example. His glassy globes and bulbs, with their twirling little mica vanes, now sparkled in the eyes of those who watched them almost as much as did his rimmed glasses!

The prevailing “old school” view was indeed here, embodied before them. Sir William was a sprite, a truly “aethereal” character! Cheerful, merry, beaming, brilliant, lighter than air, he appeared to be aglow with the same white light seen in his mineral tubes. Equipped with his collection of unearthly globes and radiant crystals, he glittered a starry message of dreams… without words. Most realized that they had, quite unawares, fallen into one of the delightful little games of the grand old gentleman. Each slowly saw where he was guiding their vision. A few resisted, could not follow. They tuned their hearts away, and were instantly recognized. He was aglow, spying them out as if by magic. Most enjoyed the prospect of allowing him to guide their mind’s eye, and were drawn into his hopeful sphere of influence for a few more moments.

Those who best remembered the melody of his voice and life remembered a sense and mood from another time, from childhood’s forgotten world. The old gentleman spoke, a dark line from Royal Society history. “Faraday pointed out that matter existed in four states.. solid, liquid, gas, and radiant. He stated that as matter ascends in the scale of forms …it does not cease at the gaseous state. But the greater exertions Nature makes at each step of the change becomes greatest in the passage from gaseous to the radiant form…” He was not now averse to making formal statements concerning the luminiferous aether. Besides the fact that they had spent the evening observing effects-in-miniature of this aethereal gas, it was also an air in which he seemed to live and move quite comfortably.

Indeed, “the phenomena in these exhausted tubes reveal to physical science a new world …a world where matter exists in a fourth state, and where the corpuscular theory of light holds good.” He called attention to the strange green light, that which was observed with each manifestation of cathode rays. The green light had peculiar and persistent qualities. “This green phosphorescence is a subject which has occupied my thoughts, and I have striven to ascertain some of the laws governing its appearance.” This statement sent some of their minds reeling with implications.

“The spectrum of the green light is a continuous one …no difference can be detected by spectrum examination in the green light, whether the residual gas be nitrogen, hydrogen, or carbonic acid.” Most physicists had concluded the green light to be a property of the bombarded glassy matter. Its spectral lines were taken as proof of the “excitation” theory. But now Dr. Crookes was highlighting his spectral study, finding the curious constancy of that light regardless of gas or glass. Was this not some indication of the existence of a new “ultragaseous” element?

For some, the very admission of an ultragas was instantly recognized. But the lecture had perfectly led to this realization, and was whole in every aspect. From these elevated vantage points, one could hardly argue the existence of the luminiferous aether!

He continued, emboldened by the sense that the audience had entered that absorptive stage, where deep and permanent impressions could be made. “Between the gaseous and the ultragaseous state there can be traced no sharp boundary; the one merges imperceptibly into the other …nor can human or any other kind of organic life conceivable to us penetrate into regions where such ultragaseous matter may be supposed to exist.” Most mortals at least could not endure the ethereal air as he so effortlessly did.

“The position of the positive pole in the tube scarcely makes any difference in the direction or intensity of those lines of force which produce the green light.., and this green light is distinguished from ordinary light…it cannot be wrong to here apply the term emissive light.” The glowing globes had each spoken the thesis for him. He merely repeated those statements which he had published so many years ago. But no matter now, all minds asked the same question. All knew the identity of that pure light which issued forth from his highly electrified cathodes. There could be no question now. Those whose minds now grasped the whole message of the one who stood before them, fell silent. Why had no one ever considered these facts? One saw around his words, and conceded without a single protest. The unmistakable ring of truth.

Sir William suddenly appeared to have now satisfied himself that his message was well received. A teacher could not hope for more than this. For a few brief moments, the Hall felt silent.

“Time has not allowed me to undertake the whole of the task so vast and so manifold. I have felt compelled to follow out, as far as lay in my power, my original ideas. To these collateral questions, I must now invite the attention of my fellow-workers in Science. There is ample room for many inquirers.” It was not until a few began to clap and shout sharp words of approval that Sir William looked down once more. He smiled again and looked among them all. Standing among his glittering and delightful toys, he nodded his thanks at their approval. The green light, the melodious voice, the twinkling eyes, the silvery air, all remain suspended in memory.

Sir William Crookes left the spinning, glowing, scintillating magic of his wonderful little toys in the springtime. Nikola Tesla never forgot the date when his dear mentor and friend departed the material world. Shedding aside the crusader’s lantern to those in the scientific world, he took to the stars – the date was April 4, 1919. Those who grew to cherish his memory lifted his lantern before it fell into the relativistic dust. In so doing, one felt a twinkling joy where there should have been sadness. The great man’s passing left a sparkling tracework, and yes, like the joy which suddenly quickens and stimulates in the midst of night, it twinkles still!

1. Selected Reprints of Articles Related To The Mechanical Action Of Light And The Radiometer, Sir William Crookes, (compilation reprint) by James DeMeo, Natural Energy Works, 1994. Available from BSRF.
2. The Phenomenon of Spiritualism, Sir William Crookes, London, 1874, The Quarterly Journal of Science, (reprint Health Research, 1972).
3. Radiant Matter, Sir William Crookes, Nature, 1879 (reprint Electric Spacecraft journal, 1995). Available from BSRF.

---

Related articles:

1. Borderland Visionary: The Life of Sir William Crookes (Part 1)
2. The Broadcast Power of Nikola Tesla (Part 1)
3. The Broadcast Power of Nikola Tesla (Part 2)
]]> http://journal.borderlands.com/2010/borderland-visionary-the-life-of-sir-william-crookes-part-2/feed/ 0 http://journal.borderlands.com/2010/borderland-visionary-the-life-of-sir-william-crookes-part-1/ http://journal.borderlands.com/2010/borderland-visionary-the-life-of-sir-william-crookes-part-1/#comments Fri, 19 Mar 2010 07:00:22 +0000 Isaac http://journal.borderlands.com/?p=485
4. Borderland Visionary: The Life of Sir William Crookes (Part 2)
5. The Broadcast Power of Nikola Tesla (Part 3)
6. The Broadcast Power of Nikola Tesla (Part 1)

(Continued from The Broadcast Power of Nikola Tesla – Part 1)

TRANSFORMERS

Tesla operated the magnetic arc system at higher power levels, experimenting with various impulse lengths and repetition rates. He measured the mysterious electrical current which apparently flowed through space from this system. These radiant fields operated at far greater power than before. Strange effects were suddenly appearing at certain distances from the magnetic impulser. For one thing, Tesla noticed that metallic surfaces near the impulser became covered with white brush-like corona discharges. While the sparks played in trails across the metal surfaces, Tesla observed physical movement among the metal objects. Tensions and rocking motions. Both phenomena occurring simultaneously, he was utterly fascinated. The sparks themselves seemed alive. The moving metal objects seemed to suggest new motor effects. What was this strange coalition, this synchronicity of phenomena?

Brilliant white coronas came forth with a gaseous “hissing” sound from metal points and edges. Metal plates were soon poised all around the device for observation. Tesla recognized at once that these effects were not identical with those obtained earlier while using high frequency alternating currents. These new discharges were white, energetic, and strong.

The electrical behavior of copper plates, rods, cylinders, and spheres near his primary impulser brought forth a great variety of white fluidic discharges. Strong discharge brushes appeared from the ends of copper plates. These came in prodigious volumes, hissing and arcing wildly in all directions, especially from sharp points. Tesla tried copper discs. These seemed to produce more stable discharges. He observed the curious manner in which these white discharges seemed to “race” around the disc edge at times, blending and separating with all the other sparks. Here was a greatly magnified example of Reichenbach’s Od force perhaps!

He noted the manner in which white brush discharges appeared from copper conductors of different shapes. Each form, poised near his impulser, gave a characteristic corona distribution. This coronal correspondence with specific geometric form greatly impressed him. With certain metal forms the discharges were very fluidic in appearance. Smooth, fluidic sheaths covered copper cylinders of specific size. This absolutely fascinated Tesla. There was an aerodynamic nature inherent in radiant electricity.

Copper cylinders produced remarkable volumes of white discharges. The discharges from certain sized cylinders were actually larger than those being applied. This inferred that an energy transformation effect was taking place within the cylinder. This reminded him of his initial observation with the shock-excited wires. Those which did not explode gave forth far greater voltages than were initially used. He had never understood why this was occurring. Here was another instance in which applied energy was seemingly magnified by a conductor. Why was this happening?

The key to understanding this bizarre phenomenon might be found here, he thought. He observed the discharges from copper cylinders of various diameters. Each became edged with white brush discharges when held near or actually placed within the conductive copper strap of the impulser. The discharge effect was most pronounced when cylinders were placed within the periphery of the copper strap.

Tesla noticed that white corona sheaths were actually covering the outer cylinder wall at times. These would appear, build in strength, and disappear on sudden discharge with a surprising length. The sheathing action was repetitive when the cylinder had a critically small volume. Very small cylinders behaved like rods, where discharges only appeared at their edges. The stability of these strange sheath discharges varied with cylinder diameter and length.

Tesla noticed that not every cylinder performed well near the impulser. Only cylinders of specific volume produced stable and continuous white electrical sheaths. If the cylinders were too small; then the sheaths were intermittent and unstable. There was an obvious connection between the supplied impulse train and the cylinder volume. But what was it?

Tesla surveyed the entire range of his recent discoveries. Impulses produced a radiant electrical effect. Radiant electricity, was mysteriously flowing through space. As it flowed, it focused over metal conductors as a white fluidic corona. When the shape and volume of the metal conductors were just right, the energy appeared as a stable white corona of far greater voltage than the impulse generator supplied. More questions. More discoveries.

Rods produced sparks from their edges, but not as long as copper cylinders did. Tesla selected a cylinder which worked very well, and placed several horizontal “cuts” all around its surface. He was totally surprised when, on testing, the spark discharge from the cut cylinder was notably larger than before. Increased spark length means increased voltage. But why did this diminished conductivity force the voltage up?

The cuts diminished conductivity in the cylinder by forcing the energy into a tighter “squeeze”. He had noted that electrical impulses displayed a tendency to traverse the outer surface of metal conductors. Certain cylinders were often ensheathed in a fluidic white discharge which smoothly traveled between coil ends in a tightly constricted layer. Here was something truly notable. His input voltage was far less than that produced from the upper coil terminal. But why from end to end?

The essential reason why current preferred outer surface conduction was precisely because they were impulsing. The sudden shock which any conductor experienced produced an expansive effect, where the electrical charge was rejected by the conductive interior. This “skin effect” was a function of impulse time and conductor resistance. Highly resistant objects forced all of the impulse energy to the surface.

Now he was getting somewhere. Frustrated radiant electricity constricted into a tighter surface volume when encountering metal surfaces. This intense surface focusing effect brought the voltage up to tremendous values. Here was a new transformer effect! He believed it was an electrostatic transformation. Impulse currents each possessed an electrostatic nature. The bunching of charge in the impulser brings this electrostatic field to a peak in a small instant of time.

Constricting this field volume produces a greatly magnified voltage. Placement of any conductor in the field space alters the field by constricting its shape. When symmetrical conductors of special shape, volume, and resistance are placed in this space, the field is greatly constricted. Because the impulsing electrostatic field is very abrupt, it “snaps” over the conductor from end to end.

Tesla knew that here is where the secret lies. If resistance in the conductor is great enough, the snapping electrostatic force cannot move any charges. It is forced to “grow” over the conductor surface until it discharges at the end point, where greatly magnified voltages are obtained. When the wire diameter is small enough, the wire explodes under electrostatic pressures which exceed those seen in dynamite.

In effect, Tesla had managed to interrupt a high voltage direct current several thousand times per second. In doing so, he had discovered a way to completely separate electrostatic energy from current impulses. Tesla pondered these facts, wondering if it was possible to force the magnification effect beyond the limits of standard electromagnetic transformers. In other words, how high could voltage be raised? Was there a limit to the process?

In order to achieve such enormous voltage levels, he needed a conductive shape which offered so much resistance to charge movement, that all the applied energy would become electrostatic. In effect, Tesla wanted to convert a quantity of supply power into a pure electrostatic voltage. This phenomena suggested that his goal was not impossible.

Tesla extended his idea of the cut copper cylinder to coils. From the viewpoint of electrostatic impulses, flat copper coils appear to be “continuously cut” cylinders. The electrostatic field focuses over the coil as it did with the cylinders, from end to end. A simple magnet coil of specific volume would offer so much resistance that it would be difficult to predict the actual resultant voltage which results without an empirical test.

WHITEFIRE

Constructing several of these, he was ready for the test. When each copper magnet coil was impulsed, Tesla saw tremendous white brushes leaping from their free ends: discharges approaching one million volts! But his supply power was nowhere near these voltages, and the coil was not wrapped in thousands of windings. These previously unexpected voltage magnifications were the result of an energy transformation, one which took electrical power and converted it completely into pressure. Watts into Volts, an unheard thing. It was the key to a new and explosive technology.

Tesla also found that such coils required very thin coil forms. He ceased using cellulose and cardboard forms, preferring “squirrel cage” type forms made of thin end-braced wooden rods. Wire was wound about these cylindrically disposed rods, producing the very best effects. Spacings were also tried between successive coil windings with excellent results. Spaced windings reduced sparking to a minimum.

Tesla remarked that the electrostatic potentials along the coil surface (from end to end) could be as much as ten thousand volts per inch of winding! A ten inch coil of proper volume could produce one hundred thousand volt discharges. In addition, and in confirmation of his suspicions, no current was ever measured at the free terminals of these coils. A “zero coil current” condition! It was simply another paradox which would occupy the academicians for several more argumentative decades.

Tesla suddenly realized that coils represented a truly special and valuable component in his quest. The instantaneous resistance which any coil offered to an applied impulse was so immense that current could not flow through the wire length. As a phenomenal
consequence, no current flowed through the coil windings at all! But sparking was observed, traveling from coil end to end. Here was yet another anomaly!

He began placing these “secondary” coils within his “primary” impulser circuit. The strap which connected his magnetic arc to the capacitors formed the “primary”. He made necessary distinctions among his Transformer components. Few engineers actually appreciate these distinctions. The “primary” and “secondary” of Tesla Transformers are not magnetic inductors. They are resistive capacitors. Coil-shaped capacitors! Tesla Transformer action is electrostatic induction.

There were conditions for the most efficient manifestation of the effect. Maxwell could not predict these values. Tesla empirically discovered most of the rules for impulse behavior. He found that the transformative abilities of these smooth copper coils were maximum when the coil mass equaled the mass of the impulser’s conductive copper strap. It did not matter how thin the coil windings were. The equality of copper masses brought maximum transformative effects. When this equal mass condition was fulfilled, Tesla said that the coil-capacitors were “in resonance”. Electrostatic resonance.

Tesla found it possible to produce millions of electrostatic volts by this method. His first Transformers were horizontal in orientation, both free ends of the secondary coil-capacitor producing unidirectional impulses of great power. White discharges from each of these free ends had very different characteristics, indicating the unidirectional flow. Electropositive terminals always appeared brushlike and broad. Electronegative terminals always appeared constricted and dart-like.

His next Transformer series employed vertical cylinders with the base connected directly to ground. Free terminals stood quite a distance above the primary capacitor strap, spouting a brilliant white crown. These marked a turning point in his theories concerning electricity, since it was possible for him to develop well over one million volts impulse power in a device scarcely taller than a child.

These discharges were of an intense white coloration. Whitefire. Very sudden impulses color discharge channels with the brilliant whitefire because Tesla Transformers separate the effusive aether from electrons. Tesla Transformer conduct tether, not electrons. The whitefire brilliance is the distinctive aetheric trademark of Tesla Transformers.

During this time, Tesla discovered the peculiar necessity for streamlining his Transformers. Cylindrical secondary capacitors suddenly became conical forms. These presented the most bizarre appearance of all. Tesla used cone-shaped secondaries to focus the impulses. Whitefire discharges from these forms evidenced real focusing effects, the discharges themselves assuming inverted conical shapes. Their greatly intensified nature is seen in photographs which were taken under his own intrigued supervision. The magnified voltages were reaching those thresholds in which his laboratory enclosures were far too small to continue making industrial scale progress on radiant energy systems.

The fact that whitefire discharges pass through all matter, notably insulators, revealed the aetheric nature. Tesla saw that whitefire discharges could permeate all materials in a strangely gaseous manner. This penetration scarcely heated matter. In fact, the whitefire brushes often had a cooling effect. The sparks themselves, though violent in appearance, were “soft” when compared to all other forms of electricity. He had successfully removed the hazard from electricity. In blocking the slow and dense charges, he had freed the mysterious effusive nether streams inherent in electricity. Because of this, new and intensified radiant effects were constantly making their appearance across his laboratory space.

Tesla found that as these new “Impulse Transformers” greatly magnified power supplied to them, so also their radiant electric effects were equally magnified. He found it possible to wirelessly project electrostatic power to very great distances, lighting special lamps to full candlepower at hundreds of feet. In these experiments, he also conceived of signaling systems. It would be possible to switch radiant effects in telegraphic fashion. Distant vacuum tube receivers would then light or dim in corresponding manner. Tesla experimented with a special breed of telegraphic wireless in 1890.

He also found it possible to wirelessly operate specially constructed motors by properly intercepting this space-flowing energy stream. He had made his own polyphase system obsolete! The new vision was vastly more enthralling. The world would be transformed. He discovered ways to beam the energy out to any focus, even to the zenith. His plan to illuminate the night sky with a radiant energy beacon captured the minds of all who listened.

Tesla now possessed the means by which the radiant electricity could be greatly magnified and transmitted. He could transform the very nature of the radiance so that it could carry increasingly greater power. Now he could begin developing a new technology which would completely revitalize the world order. Power could be broadcast to any location without wire connections. Radiant electricity could be utilized in completely new appliances. A new world was about to be released!

SPACE FLOWING CURRENT

Understanding the analogue between these electrical impulse effects and the behavior of high pressure gases was of paramount importance. This gaseous aspect of impulse electrical radiance was perhaps the most mystifying aspect of these new-found energies. Those who sought out Tesla’s every lecture were very aware that a new electrical species had been discovered.

While yet a student, Tesla had became aware of certain scientific imperatives enunciated by Johann von Goethe. One of these was the preservation and extension of all activities-natural. Goethe implied that when natural conditions were preserved during experimentation, then nature itself was in the best configuration to reveal more unified phenomenal exhibitions to qualitative observers.

Tesla recognized that his new discovery of impulse, the result of an accident, was a total departure from polyphase alternating current. While his original vision of the vortex was applied by him to the designing of motors and generators, Tesla now realized that this was not its primary message. In fact, taken from the viewpoint which Goethe expressed, polyphase was a most unnatural form of energy.

Natural activity is suffused with impulses, not alternations. Natural activity is initiated as a primary impulse. Nature is flooded with impulses of all kinds. From lightning to nervous activities, all natural energy movements occur as impulses. Impulses were now seen by Tesla to fill the natural world. But, more fundamentally, Tesla saw that impulses flood the metaphysical world.

The mysterious flow of meanings during conversation occurs as a sequence of directed impulses in space. Though inert air vibrates in alternations with sounds uttered, the flow of meaning remains unidirectional. Intentions are also impulses. The unidirectional flow of intentions appear as impulses. Motivations proceed from the manifestation of sudden desires. Overtly expressed as actions, the initiating impulses are then fulfilled.

Tesla wished to comprehend where this “motivating force” came from, and where it went during the expressed actions. In all of this, he was very much the wonderful stereotype of the Victorian natural philosopher. His scientific pursuits followed these considerations until the last. Those who study his announcements recognize his metaphysical foundations, the basis of all his subsequent scientific quests.

Tesla observed the amazing “coordination” of new phenomena which daily seemed to bring new technological potentials before him. This wonderful synchronicity, this vortex, revealed his new and fortunate position in nature. Having somehow “broken” his fixation with the unnatural…with polyphase…he re-entered the natural once again. Impulses. Could it be that the induction of electrical impulses summoned the other impulse characteristics of nature? Was he producing a metaphysical vortex, into which all the impulse phenomena of nature would now flow? Was this the real sunset message which seized him in Budapest, so many years ago? Was electricity the fundamental natural energy. ..the motivator?

Victorian Science was not exactly sure what electricity was, there being so very many attributes associated with the term. Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century natural philosophers conjectured on the nature of both electric and magnetic forces. Gilbert and Descartes shared the belief that these forces were a special kind of “flowing charge”, a space radiant stream which took place in tightly constricted lines. Some equated the electromagnetic forces with a “dark light”, which Karl von Reichenbach later proved in part.

Faraday adopted and modified the view that electromagnetic forces acted through space because they were a special flow of charge. This effusive charge movement changed when traveling through conductors, becoming more densified and retarded in velocity. Faraday’s “lines of force” were not conceived by him to be mere static tensions as modernists view them. Faraday envisioned these force lines as radiant, streaming lines. They were mobile, moving longitudinally into space.

Others would change the names, referring to electric force lines as “dia-electric” or dielectric flux, but the view remained essentially as conceived by Faraday. Young James Clerk Maxwell also believed that force lines were dynamic, longitudinal lines of flow. But flowlines of what substance? Here lay the principle problem which occupied physicists throughout the Victorian Era.

Victorian researchers and natural philosophers wished to discover the exact nature of the “flowing charge” of which force lines were composed. Most agreed that the mysterious flowing “substance” had to be an effusive, ultra-gaseous flux. This flux was composed of infinitesimal energy particles which effected the various pressures and inductions observed.

Henry and Faraday struggled with the idea of deriving usable electric power from static charges. The notions was that, since forcelines were made of a “flowing charge substance”, then fixed contacts placed on charged masses would supply electrical power forever. No one was able, however, to derive this flowing charge. Lossy discharges preceded every contact. Most researchers, whose attempts with highly charged Leyden-Jars failed, sought a more benign source of concentrated charge. The quest shifted to magnets, but the attempt remained as futile as ever. There remained no available way to derive power from the individual flowing charges of a forceline.

J.J. Thomson discovered electrons in vacuum discharges, assuming that these “electric particles” operated in all instances where electrical activity was observed. Victorian researchers did not accept this view completely. Thomson’s “electrons” were viewed as the result of violent collisions across a vacuum acceleration space. It was not possible to ascertain whether these same “Thomson currents” were active within electrical conductors operating at small voltages.

Very reputable experimenters besides Tesla continued claiming that “space flowing electricity” is the real electricity. Tesla’s classic demonstrations proved that rapid electrical impulses actually exceed the ability of fixed charges to transmit the applied forces. Charges lag where electrostatic forces continue propagating. One is compelled to see that electrostatic
forces precede the movement of charges.

Tesla saw that electrostatic impulses could flow without line charges. His “zero current coils” operated simply because the charges themselves were immobilized. Electricity was shown to be more in the nature of a flowing force rather than a stream of massive particles. But what then was this “flowing current”?

In Tesla’s view, radiant electricity is a space flowing current which is NOT made of electrons. Later Victorians believed that there was a substance which both filled all space and permeated all matter. Several serious researchers claimed to have identified this
gas. Notables, such as Mendeleev predicted the existence of several ultra-rare gases which preceded hydrogen. These, he claimed, were inert gases. This is why they were rarely detected. The inert gases which Mendeleev predicted formed an atmosphere which flooded all of space. These gaseous mixtures composed the aether.

Tesla and others believed that both electrical and magnetic forces were actually streams of nether gas which had been fixated in matter. Materials were somehow “polarized” by various “frictive” treatments by which an nether gas flow was induced in them. Most materials could maintain the flow indefinitely, since no work was required on their part. Matter had only to remain polarized, transducing the nether flow. The nether gas contained all the power. Unlimited power.

This ether gas power manifested as the electromagnetic forces themselves, adequate reason to pursue the development of an nether gas engine. Such an engine could run forever on the eternal kinetic energies of the aether itself, it being both generated and driven by the stars.

Tesla believed that radiant electricity is composed of aether gas. He based this belief on the fact that his zero current coils were not conducting the “slow and dense” charges usually observed in ordinary electrical circuits. Abrupt impulses produced distinctive and different effects … fluidic effects. The qualities ascribed by Tesla to “electricity” or things “electrical” in his numerous patent texts and press interviews are those which refer to the nether gas. Tesla did not refer to electron currents as “electricity”. He did not equate “electricity” with electron flow. Whenever Tesla spoke of “electrical” effects he always described their effusive, gaseous quality.

Tesla referred to space as the “ambient or natural medium”. Space, he claimed, was that which “conducts electricity”. He had found a means by which this gaseous electrical flow could be greatly concentrated, magnified, and directed. He saw that this radiant electricity was, in reality, a gaseous emanation. An aetheric emanation. This is why he made constant reference to fluidic terminology throughout his lectures.

Resistance, volume, capacity, reservoir, surface area, tension, pressure, pressure release: these were the terms upon which Tesla relied throughout his presentations. The terminology of hydraulics. Tesla also recognized that because aether was a gas, it had aerodynamic requirements.

Aether, in Tesla’s lexicon, was space flowing electricity: a gas of superlative and transcendent qualities. Aether was the electricity which filled all of space, a vast reservoir of unsurpassable power. Motive, dynamic, and free for the taking. Aether gas technology would revolutionize the world. Aether gas engines would provide an eternal power source for the world. Science, industry, corporations, financial alignments, social orders, nations— everything would change.

To be continued !

Related articles:

1. The Broadcast Power of Nikola Tesla (Part 1)
2. The Broadcast Power of Nikola Tesla (Part 3)
3. Communicating with Mars: The Experiments of Tesla & Hodowanec

THE drama of Twentieth Century Science and its intriguing relationship with financiers and governments unfold together in the remarkable life of Nikola Tesla. His is a biography replete with all the elements of tragedy. Tesla, a great discoverer of unsurpassed force, became the focal point of old insidious forces intent on destroying the future for the selfish sake of the status quo. Tesla remains a focal point of wonderment, of dream, and of worlds which yet should be to those who are familiar with his biography. For them, Tesla stands astride the quaint past century and the gleaming future. He is a technological Colossus, pointing the way to a new dawn.

The biography of Nikola Tesla should be the very first chapter in every child’s science text. Yet, we find his name stricken from the record in every avenue of which he alone holds priority. This conspicuous absence prompts wonderment. What the world does with discoverers determines the world course. In the life of Nikola Tesla we see the portrayal of our own future, the fate of the world. The achievements of this researcher were lofty. The world has not yet implemented his greatest works. For a time, all the world’s dramatis persona focused on Tesla. He remains the legend, the theme, the archetype of all Twentieth Century scientists.

But who was Nikola Tesla, and where was he from? How did he reach such a mighty stature, and what did he actually invent? Tesla was born in 1856, the son of an illustrious Serbian family. His father, an Orthodox priest, his uncles noteworthy military heroes of highest rank. He was educated in Graz, and later moved to Budapest. Throughout his life he was blessed, or haunted, by vivid visions. In the terminology of Reichenbach he would be termed an extreme sensitive. It was through these remarkable visions that Nikola Tesla invented devices which the Victorian world had never seen. Indeed, his visionary experiences produced the modern
world as we know it.

He attended various Universities in Eastern Europe during his early adulthood. While delving into his studies, he became aware by the new and insidious scientific trends which questioned the validity of human sense and reason. An impassioned soul, Tesla felt the pain of modern humanity in its intellectual search for a soul. Finding no solace in any of his classes, he sought refuge in a more romantic treatment of science and nature. None could be found. Professors dutifully promoted the “new view” by which it was, declared that the natural world was “inert …dead …a mere collection of forces”.

This quantitative regime was mounting force among academes, who were then attempting the total conversion of scientific method. Those who would not accept the new order were compelled to depart from academic pursuits. Tesla totally rejected these notions on the strongest of inner intuitions. Most of his instructors would have said that he was not University material. Tesla, sensitive to every such dogmatic wind, rejected their thesis and sought some better means for knowing nature. If he was to excel in engineering, there could only be cooperation with natural force, never violence. It was clear to him that the new scientific world-attack would ultimately lead to violent responses from nature itself.

His inner conflict expressed itself openly and candidly, bringing young Tesla into certain disrepute among rigid University authorities. Universities were more like military academies than places where original thinking was conducted in open forum. Tesla challenged too many persons of esteemed rank with probing questions for which he was given rebuke but no real answers.
A gifted researcher and voracious reader, he chanced upon some forgotten volumes of natural science written by Goethe. He had not been aware that Goethe, long before he chose poetry for the vehicle of his scientific themes, had written several magnificent tomes on the natural world. Tesla found to his wonder that Goethe had experienced the very same emotions. When the new scientific dogma was just in its infancy, Goethe caught wind of it and reacted violently, even as one who stands watch in the night.

Goethe was well aware of the new scientific trend and its implications. The reduction of nature to forces and mechanisms was utterly revolting to Goethe. Now, Tesla found a notable compatriot in his experience. He secured a thorough collection of Goethe’s scientific texts and read these to the exclusion of all other philosophies. It was through this window that we may comprehend all of Tesla’s scientific methods and later statements. For in Tesla we see the quest for communion with nature, one based on the faith that mind, sensation, consciousness, and ordained structure form the world foundations.

The sense-validating Qualitative Theme again appears in Nikola Tesla. Armed with this foundation, he was able to filter and qualify every other new study with which he was presented. In addition, he was irresistibly drawn into the study of electricity, the “new magick”. In the following months, he absorbed the electrical engineering courses so rapidly that he no longer attended classes. He had taken a technical position in Budapest. Several new intuitions had seized him. Tesla became fascinated, obsessed with alternating current electricity. The problem he faced was considered insurmountable. Tesla was sure that he could devise an engine which was turned, not by contact-currents, but by magnetic field actions alone.

The struggle toward designing such a device, begun as a puzzling amusement, was now completely consuming his strength. The answer, tantalizing and near, seemed elusive. Undergirding all these efforts was the strongest desire to achieve something original, and by this, to attain financial independence for the sake of pure research. His only dream was to have a laboratory facility of his own.

The excessive labors and mental exertions nearly drove him to the brink of madness. He was, for as time, seized with strange maladies and sensitivities which physicians could not address. Reichenbach accurately describes these symptoms, characteristic of extreme sensitives. There come times when the neurological sensitivity of these individuals literally transforms and processes through their being. The emergence of these rare sensitivities affects such persons for the remainder of their lives.

Tesla found that his senses were amplified beyond reason. He was terribly frightened at first, nervous exhaustion permeating his frail being. Eventually learning to manage these rare faculties, he again resumed his life. But the visions which began in his youth were now more vivid and solid than ever before. When they came, unbidden, he could literally touch and walk around them. Now also, he was equal to receiving them. He was waiting for the revelation by which his alternating current motor would appear.

Tesla’s life came into a new focus while walking in a park with some friends, the year 1881. It was late afternoon, and Tesla became entranced with the sight of a glorious sunset. Moved to indescribable emotions, he began quoting a verse from Goethe’s “Faust”:

“The glow retreats, done is our day of toil;
it yonder hastes, new fields of life exploring,
ah, can no wing lift me from this soil…
upon his track to follow, follow soaring?”

As he reached this last line of verse, Tesla was suddenly seized by an overwhelming vision. In it, he beheld a great vortex, whirling eternally in the sun and driving across the earth with its infinite power. Completely absorbed in this glory, he became catatonic and irresponsive… to the great fear of his companions. His mind and body buzzing with the power of the vision, he suddenly blurted out, “see my motor here… watch me reverse it”. They shook him, believing he had lost his mind completely.

Rigid and resisting all of their efforts, he would not move until the vision subsided. When he was finally led to a bench, he seemed completely transformed. The remainder of the day was spent in a grand and joyous celebration, Tesla’s remaining funds supplying the feast. Throughout the long hours of that night he shared with his friends the great sight he had beheld. They spoke of the sure implications portended for the world’s future, and departed with very great expectations.

Moving to Strassburg, he was employed as an engineer in a telephone subsidiary of the Continental Edison Company. It was in a small machine shop that he constructed the world’s first brushless motors. He called them “magnetic vortex motors”. Their whirling magnetic fields baffled electrical engineers. Now, Tesla’s professors were studying his work. Goethe was absolute in his judgment of science and human nature: nature leads humanity to “follow, follow soaring”.

Tesla’s strange whirling devices worked on their very first trial. There were no connections between the rotors and stators, no sparking, lossy brushes. The motion was smooth and efficient. Numerous alternating current generators, transformers, and “brushless” motors, all were developed by Tesla in quick succession. The vision in material form. Himself a professional draftsman, he mapped out his entire Polyphase System. Tesla emigrated to America with a full portfolio of plans. America would be the place where his dreams would find fulfillment.

Continually attracted to engineering problems which none could master, his sudden visualization of the solutions became his normal mode of operation. In this respect, as well as others, he remained the wonder of all his technical assistants. He worked for Thomas Edison in New Jersey for a very short time period until securing a laboratory and financial supporters of his own.

In his first independent venture he developed arc lamps and lighting systems. When his financial supporters betrayed his trust, they left him bankrupt overnight. He became a ditch digger, suffering all the indignities which immigrants faced in America during the 1880′s. He learned the value of publicity after his incessant mention of polyphase and alternating current managed to attract the attention of certain new financial supporters. They drew him out of the ditch, but not before he demanded his own laboratory, a machine shop, and a sizable personal percentage “up front”. The result was our present day electrical distribution system.

Tesla did not invent alternating current. Tesla reinvented alternating current in the form of Polyphase Current. His Polyphase System was a novel means for blending three identical alternating currents together simultaneously, but “out of step”. The idea was similar to having three pistons on a crankshaft rather than one. Tesla’s method had wonderful advantages, especially when motors were to be operated. Formally, no one could make an alternating current motor turn at all simply because no net motion could be derived from a current which just “shuttled” to and fro.

Polyphase applied a continuous series of separate “pushes” to rotors. Tesla’s Polyphase System made brushless motors and brilliant lighting methods possible. Polyphase made it also possible to send electrical power to very great distances with little loss. Alternating electrical currents vibrated in the line. Current did not flow continuously from end to end, as in Edison’s flawed system. Edison’s direct current system could not supply electricity beyond a few city blocks before current virtually disappeared.

In efforts to discover a more efficient kind of polyphase, Tesla explored higher frequency alternating currents. During this research, he built and patented several remarkable generators. Higher frequency polyphase was found by Tesla to perform with far greater efficacy than the common sixty-cycle variety which we still use. He fully intended on implementing these special generators in the system which his patron and friend, George Westinghouse, had proliferated. The business arrangement rendered Tesla fabulously wealthy at a young age.

Tesla extended his generator frequencies in multiples of sixty until reaching some thirty thousand cycles per second. These very high frequency alternating current generators became the marvel of all the academic and engineering world. They were copied and modified by several other subsequent inventors including Alexanderson. Remarkably driven at excessive speeds, they constituted Tesla’s first belief that high frequency alternating current generators would supply the world’s power.

High frequency current phenomena were new and exceedingly curious. A line of experimental research was conducted in order to evaluate new safe and possibly more efficient ways for transmitting power along long elevated lines. Tesla stated that the transmission of such safe currents across very long powerline distances in the future would be a certainty, seeing their wonderful new qualities.

Tesla found that high frequency currents were harmless when contacted by the human body. Discharges from these generators traversed the outer surface of materials, never penetrating matter with depth. There was no danger when working with high frequency currents. He also observed their very curious and beautiful spark effects. They hissed and fizzled all over wire conductors, could stimulate luminescence in low pressure gas bulbs, seemed to traverse insulative barriers with ease, and made little pinwheels spin like delicate little fireworks displays.

Though curious, the effects were weak and furtive. They seemed to intimate some future technology which he was yet unable to penetrate. Tesla learned that his intuitions and visions were infallible. What he guessed usually proved true.’ This very personal revelation, he later claimed, was his greatest discovery.

As the safety of all personnel was his main concern, he was consumed with the idea of making his High Frequency Polyphase System completely safe for human operators and consumers alike. An extensive examination of each System component was undertaken with this aim in mind. Tesla was thorough and relentless in his quest for safety and efficiency.

But, his involvement with alternating currents would come to an abrupt and unexpected end. During a series of experiments which followed these high frequency tests, an amazing seldom-mentioned accident occurred in which Tesla observed a phenomenon which forever altered his view of electricity and technology.

SHOCKING DISCOVERY

Tesla was an avid and professional experimenter throughout his life. His curiosity was of such an intense nature that he was able to plumb the mysteries of an electrical peculiarity with no regard for his own comfort. Whereas Edison would work and sleep for a few hours on the floor, Tesla would never sleep until he had achieved success in an experimental venture. This marathon could last for days. He was once observed to work through a seventy two hour period without fatigue. His technicians were in awe of him.

The Victorian Era was flooding over with new electrical discoveries by the day. Keeping up with the sheer volume of strange electrical discoveries and curiosities was a task which Tesla thoroughly enjoyed …and preferred. His Polyphase System in perfect working order, the pleasurable occupation of studying new gazettes and scientific journals often fascinated his mind to the exclusion of all other responsibilities. A millionaire and world heralded genius before the age of thirty, Tesla sought the pure kind of research he had so long craved.

Whenever he observed any intriguing electrical effect he immediately launched into experimental study with a hundred variations. Each study brought him such a wealth of new knowledge that, based on phenomena which he observed, he was immediately able to formulate new inventions and acquire new patents.

Tesla’s New York laboratories had several sections. This complex was arranged as a multi-level gallery, providing a complete research and production facility. Tesla fabricated several of his large transformers and generators in the lower floors, where the machine shops of this building were housed. The upper floors contained his private research laboratories. He had attracted a loyal staff of technicians. Of all these, Kolman Czito was a trusted friend who would stand by Tesla for the remainder of his life. Czito was the machine shop foreman in each of Tesla’s New York laboratories.

Tesla observed that instantaneous applications of either direct or alternating current to lines often caused explosive effects. While these had obvious practical applications in improvement and safety, Tesla was seized by certain peculiar aspects of the phenomenon. He had observed these powerful blasts when knife-switches were quickly closed and opened in his Polyphase System. Switch terminals were often blasted to pieces when the speed of the switchman matched the current phase.
Tesla assessed the situation very accurately. Suddenly applied currents will stress conductors both electrically and mechanically. When the speed of the switch-action is brief enough, and the power reaches a sufficiently high crescendo, the effects are not unlike a miniature lightning stroke. Electricity initially heats the wire, bringing it to vapor point. The continual application of current then blasts the wire apart by electrostatic repulsion. But was this mechanistic explanation responsible for every part of the phenomenon?

The most refractory metals were said to be vaporized by such electrical blasts. Others had used this phenomenon to generate tiny granular diamonds. Yes, there were other aspects about this violent impulse phenomenon which tantalized him. Sufficiently intrigued, he developed a small lightning “generator” consisting of a high voltage dynamo and small capacitor storage bank. His idea was to blast sections of wire with lightning-like currents. He wanted to observe the mechanically explosive effects which wires sustain under sudden high-powered electrifications.

Instantaneous applications of high current and high voltage could literally convert thin wires into vapor. Charged to high direct current potentials, his capacitors were allowed to discharge across a section of thin wire. Tesla configured his test apparatus to eliminate all possible current alternations. The application of a single switch contact would here produce a single, explosive electrical surge: a direct current impulse resembling lightning. At first Tesla hand-operated the system, manually snapping a heavy knife switch on and off. This became less favorable as the dynamo voltages were deliberately increased.

He quickly closed the large knife switch held in his gloved hand. Bang! The wire exploded. But as it did so, Tesla was stung by a pressure blast of needle-like penetrations. Closing the dynamo down, he rubbed his face, neck, arms, chest, and hands. The irritation was distinct. He thought while the dynamo whirred down to a slow spin. The blast was powerful. He must have been sprayed by hot metal droplets as small as smoke particles. Though he examined his person, he fortunately found no wounds. No evidence of the stinging blast which he so powerfully felt.

Placing a large glass plate between himself and the exploding wire, he performed the test again. Bang! The wire again turned to vapor…but the pressured stinging effect was still felt. But, what was this? How were these stinging effects able to penetrate the glass plate? Now he was not sure whether he was experiencing a pressure effect or an electrical one. The glass would have screened any mechanical shrapnel, but would not appreciably shield any electrical effects.

Through careful isolation of each experimental component, Tesla gradually realized that he was observing a very rare electrical phenomenon. Each “bang” produced the same unexpected shock response in Tesla, while exploding small wire sections into vapor.

The instantaneous burst produced strange effects never observed with alternating currents. The painful shocking sensation appeared each time he closed or opened the switch. These sudden shock currents were IMPULSES, not alternations. What surprised him was the fact that these needle-like shocks were able to reach him from a distance: he was standing almost ten feet from the discharge site!

These electrical irritations expanded out of the wire in all directions and filled the room in a mystifying manner. He had never before observed such an effect. He thought that the hot metal vapor might be acting as a “carrier” for the electrical charges. This would explain the strong pressure wave accompanied by the sensation of electrical shock. He utilized longer wires. When the discharge wire was resistive enough, no explosion could occur.

Wire in place, the dynamo whirred at a slower speed. He threw die switch for a brief instant, and was again caught off guard by the stinging pressure wave! The effect persisted despite the absence of an explosive conductor. Here was a genuine mystery. Hot vapor was not available to “carry” high voltage charges throughout the room. No charge carriers could be cited in this instance to explain the stinging nature of the pressure wave. So what was happening here?

The pressure wave was sharp and strong, like a miniature thunderclap. It felt strangely “electrical” when the dynamo voltage was sufficiently high. In fact, it was uncomfortably penetrating when the dynamo voltage was raised beyond certain thresholds. It became clear that these pressure waves might be electrified. Electrified soundwaves. Such a phenomenon would not be unexpected when high voltages were used. Perhaps he was fortunate enough to observe the rare phenomenon for the first time.

He asked questions. How and why did the charge jump out of the line in this strange manner? Here was a phenomenon which was not described in any of the texts with which he was familiar. And he knew every written thing on electricity. Thinking that he was the victim of some subtle, and possibly deadly short circuit, he rigorously examined the circuit design. Though he searched, he could find no electrical leakages. There were simply no paths for any possible corona effects to find their way back into the switching terminal which he held.

Deciding to better insulate the arrangement in order that all possible line leakages could be eradicated, he again attempted the experiment. The knife switch rapidly closed and opened, he again felt the unpleasant shock just as painfully as before. Right through the glass shield! Now he was perplexed. Desiring total distance from the apparatus, he modified the system once more by making it “automatic”.

He could freely walk around the room during the test He could! hold the shield or simply walk without it. A small rotary spark switch was arranged in place of the hand-held knife switch. The rotary switch was arranged to interrupt the dynamo current in slow, successive intervals. The system was actuated, the motor switch cranked it contacts slowly. Snap …snap …snap …each contact produced the very same room-filling irritation.

This time it was most intense. Tesla could not get away from the shocks, regardless of his distance from the apparatus across his considerably large gallery hall. He scarcely could get near enough to deactivate the rotating switch. From what he was able to painfully observe, thin sparks of a bright blue-white color stood straight out of the line with each electrical contact.
The shock effects were felt far beyond the visible spark terminations. This seemed to indicate that their potential was far greater than the voltage applied to the line. A paradox! The dynamo charge was supplied at a tension of fifteen thousand volts, yet the stinging sparks were characteristics of electrostatic discharges exceeding some two hundred fifty thousand volts. Somehow this input current was being transformed into a much higher voltage by an unknown process. No natural explanation could be found. No scientific explanation sufficed. There was simply not enough data on the phenomenon for an answer. And Tesla knew that this was no ordinary phenomenon. Somewhere in the heart of this activity was a deep natural secret. Secrets of this kind always opened humanity into new revolutions.

Tesla considered this strange voltage multiplying effect from several viewpoints. The problem centered around the fact that there was no magnetic induction taking place. Transformers raise or lower voltage when current is changing. Here were impulses. Change was happening during the impulse. But there was no transformer in the circuit. No wires were close enough for magnetic inductions to take place. Without magnetic induction, there could theoretically be -no transformation effect. No conversion from low to high voltage at all. Yet, each switch snap brought both the radiating blue-white sparks and their painful sting.

IMPULSES

Tesla noted that the strange sparks were more like electrostatic discharges. If the sparks had been direct current arcs reaching from the test line, he would surely have been killed with the very first close of the switch. The physical pressure and stinging pain of these sparks across such distances could not be explained. This phenomenon had never been reported by those who should have seen and felt its activities.

Tesla gradually came to the conclusion that the shock effect was something new, something never before observed. He further concluded that the effect was never seen before because no one had ever constructed such a powerful impulse generator. No one had ever reported the phenomenon because no one had ever generated the phenomenon.

Tesla once envisioned a vortex of pure energy while looking into a sunset The result of this great Providential vision was polyphase current. A true revelation. But this, this was an original discovery found through an accident. It was an empirical discovery of enormous significance. Here was a new electrical force, an utterly new species of electrical force which should have been incorporated into the electrical equations of James Clerk Maxwell. Surprisingly, it was not.
Tesla now questioned his own knowledge. He questioned the foundations on which he had placed so much confidence in the last several years. Maxwell was the “rule and measure” by which all of Tesla’s polyphase generators had been constructed. Tesla penetrated the validity of Maxwell’s mathematical method. It was well known that Maxwell had derived his mathematical descriptions of electromagnetic induction from a great collection of available electrical phenomena. Perhaps he had not studied enough of the phenomena while doing so.

Perhaps newer phenomena had not been discovered, and were therefore unavailable to Maxwell for consideration. How was Maxwell justified in stating his equations as “final”? In deriving the laws of electromagnetic induction, Maxwell had imposed his own “selection process” when deciding which electrical effects were the “basic ones”. There were innumerable electrical phenomena which had been observed since the eighteenth century. Maxwell had difficulty selecting what he considered to be “the most fundamental” induction effects from the start.

The selection process was purely arbitrary. After having “decided” which induction effects were “the most fundamental”, Maxwell then reduced these selected cases and described them mathematically. His hope was to simplify matters for engineers who were designing new electrical machines. The results were producing “prejudicial” responses in engineers who could not bear the thought of any variations from the “standard”. Tesla had experienced this kind of thematic propaganda before, when he was a student. The quantitative wave of blindness was catching up with him.

Tesla and others knew very well that there were strange and anomalous forms of electromagnetic induction which were constantly and accidentally being observed. These seemed to vary as the experimental apparatus varied. New electrical force discoveries were a regular feature of every Nature Magazine issue. Adamant in the confidence that all electrical phenomena had been both
observed and mathematically described, academicians would be very slow to accept Tesla’s claims.

But this academic sloth is not what bothered Tesla. He had already found adequate compensation for his superior knowledge in the world of industry. Tesla, now in possession of an effect which was not predicted by Maxwell, began to question his own knowledge. Had he become a “mechanist”, the very thing which he reviled when a student? Empirical fact contradicted what that upon he based his whole life’s work. Goethe taught that nature leads humanity.

The choice was clear: accept the empirical evidence and reject the conventional theory. For a time he struggled with a way to “derive” the shock effect phenomenon by mathematically wrestling “validity” from Maxwell’s equations … but could not. A new electrical principle had been revealed. Tesla would take this, as he did the magnetic vortex, and from it weave a new world.

What had historically taken place was indeed unfortunate. Had Maxwell lived after Tesla’s accidental discovery, then the effect might have been included in the laws. Of course, we have to assume that Maxwell would have “chosen” the phenomenon among those which he considered “fundamental”.

There was no other way to see his new discovery now. Empirical fact contradicted theoretical base. Tesla was compelled to follow. The result was an epiphany which changed Tesla’s inventive course. For the remainder of his life he would make scientific assertions which few could believe, and fewer yet would reproduce. There yet exist several reproducible electrical phenomena which cannot be predicted by Maxwell. They continually appear whenever adventuresome experimenters make accidental observations.

FOCUS

High voltage impulse currents produced a hitherto unknown radiant effect. In fact, here was an electrical “broadcast” effect whose implementation in a myriad of bizarre designs would set Tesla apart from all other inventors. This new electrical force effect was a preeminent discovery of great historical significance. Despite his fact, few academicians grasped its significance as such. Focused now on dogmatizing Maxwell’s work, they could not accept Tesla’s excited announcements. Academes argued that Tesla’s effect could not exist. They insisted that Tesla revise his statements.
Tesla’s mysterious effect could not have been predicted by Maxwell because Maxwell did not incorporate it when formulating His equations. How could he have done so, when the phenomenon was just discovered? Tesla now pondered the academic ramifications of this new effect. What then of his own and possibly other electrical phenomena which were not incorporated into Maxwell’s force laws? Would academes now ignore their existence? Would they now even dare to reject the possibility of such phenomena on the basis of an incomplete mathematical description?

Seeing that the effect could grant humanity enormous possibilities when once tamed, Tesla wished to study and implement the radiant electrical action under much safer conditions. The very first step which he took before proceeding with this experimental line was the construction of special grounded copper barriers: shields to block the electrical emanations from reaching him.

They were large, body sized mantles of relatively thick copper. He grounded these to insure his own complete safety. In electrical terms, they formed a “Faraday Cage” around him. This assembly would block out all static discharges from ever reaching Tesla during the tests. Now he could both observe and write what he saw
with confidence.

Positioned behind his copper mantle, Tesla initiated the action. ZZZZZZ…the motorized switch whirring, dynamo voltage interrupted several hundred times per second, the shock action was now continuous. He felt a steady rhythm of electrostatic irritations right through the barrier accompanied by a pressure wave which kept expanding. An impossibility. No electrical influence should have passed through the amount of copper which composed the shield. Yet this energetic effect was penetrating, electrically shocking, and pressured. He had no words to describe this aspect of the new phenomenon. The shocks really stung.

Tesla was sure that this new discovery would produce a completely new breed of inventions, once tamed and regulated. Its effects differed completely from those observed in high frequency alternating current. These special radiant sparks were the result of non-reversing impulses. In fact, this effect relied on the non-reversing nature of each applied burst for its appearance. A quick contact charge by a powerful high voltage dynamo was performing a feat of which no alternating generator was capable. Here was a demonstration of “broadcast electricity”.

Most researchers and engineers are fixed in their view of Nikola Tesla and his discoveries. They seem curiously rigidified in the thought that his only realm of experimental developments lay in alternating current electricity. This is an erroneous conception which careful patent study reveals. Few recognize the documented facts that, after his work with alternating currents was completed, Tesla switched over completely to the study of impulse currents. His patents from this period to the end of his career are filled with the terminology equated with electrical impulses alone.

The secret lay principally in the direct current application in a small time interval. Tesla studied this time increment, believing that it might be possible to eliminate the pain field by shortening the length of time during which the switch contact is made. In a daring series of experiments, he developed rapid mechanical rotary switches which handled very high direct voltage potentials. Each contact lasted an average of one ten-thousandth second.

Exposing himself to such impulses of very low power, he discovered to his joy and amazement that the pain field was nearly absent. In its place was a strange pressure effect which could be felt right through the copper barriers. Increasing the power levels of this device produced no pain increase, but did produce an intriguing increased pressure field. The result of simple interrupted high voltage DC, the phenomenon was never before reported except by witnesses of close lightning strokes. This was erroneously attributed however to pressure effects in air.

Not able to properly comprehend their nature at first, Tesla also conservatively approached the pressure phenomenon as due to air pressure. He had first stated that the pressure field effect was due to sharp soundwaves which proceeded outward from the suddenly charged line. In fact, he reported this in a little-known publication where he first announced the discovery. Calling the pressure effects “electrified soundwaves”, he described their penetrating nature in acoustic terms.
Further experimentation however, gradually brought the new awareness that both the observed pressure effect and electrical shock fields were not taking place in air at all. He demonstrated that these actions could take place in oil immersions. Impulse charged lines were placed in mineral oil and carefully watched. Strong pressure projections emerged from sharp wire ends in the oil, as if air were streaming out under high pressure.

Tesla fast believed that this stream was wire-absorbed air driven off by electrical pressure. Continual operation of the phenomenon convinced him that the projected stream was not air at all. Furthermore, he was not at a loss to explain the effect, but was reluctant to mention his own theory of what had been generated by high voltage direct current impulses.

Tesla made electrical measurements of this projective stream. One lead of a galvanometer was connected to a copper plate, the other grounded. When impulses were applied to wire line, the unattached and distant meter registered a continual direct current. Current through space without wires! Now here was something which impulses achieved, never observed with alternating currents of any frequency.

Analysis of this situation proved that electrical energy or electrically productive energies were being projected from the impulse device as rays, not waves. Tesla was amazed to find these rays absolutely longitudinal in their action through space, describing them in a patent as “light-like rays”. These observations conformed with theoretical expectations described in 1854 by Kelvin.

In another article Tesla calls them “dark-rays”, and “rays which are more light-like in character”. The rays neither diminished with the inverse square of the distance nor the inverse of the distance from their source. They seemed to stretch out in a progressive shock-shell to great distances without any apparent loss.

MAGNETIC ARCS

Nikola Tesla now required greater power levels than those provided by his mechanical rotary switch system. He also saw the need for controlling ultra-rapid current interruptions of high repetition (“succession”) rates. No mechanical switch could perform in this manner. He had to envision and devise some new means by which ultra-rapid interruptions could be obtained. In his best and most efficient system, highly charged capacitors were allowed to impulsively discharge across special heavy duty magnetic arcs.

The magnetic arc gap was capable of handling the large currents required by Tesla. In achieving powerful, sudden impulses of one polarity, these were the most durable. Horn shaped electrodes were positioned with a powerful permanent magnetic field. Placed at right angles to the arc itself, the currents which suddenly formed in this magnetic space were accelerated along the horns until they were extinguished. Rapidly extinguished!

Arcs were thus completely extinguished within a specified time increment Tesla configured the circuit parameters so as to prevent capacitor alternations from occurring through the arc space. Each arc discharge represented a pure unidirectional impulse of very great power. No “contaminating current reversals” were possible or permissible.

Reversals.. alternations.. would ruin the “shock broadcast”. The effect was never observed when alternating currents were engaged. High voltage was supplied by a large dynamo. Tesla could speed or slow this dynamo with a hand operated rheostat. Power was applied in parallel across the capacitor. The magnetic arc was linked almost directly to one side of this capacitor, a long and thick copper strap connecting the magnetic arc and the far capacitor plate.

This simple asymmetric positioning of the magnetic arc discharger to one side of the dynamo supply produced pure unidirectional electropositive or electronegative impulses as desired. Tesla designed this very simple and powerfully effective automatic switching system for achieving ultra-rapid impulses of a single polarity. Capacitor values, arc distances, magnetic fields and dynamo voltages were all balanced and adjusted to yield a repetitive train of ultrashort singular impulses without “flyback” effects.

The system is not really well understood by engineers, the exceptional activities of the arc plasma introducing numerous additional features to the overall system. While the effects which Tesla claimed can be reproduced with electron tube impulse circuitry, these produce decidedly inferior effects. The overall power of the basic arc discharge is difficult to equal. Tesla eventually enclosed the magnetic arc, immersing the gap space in mineral oil. This blocked premature arcing, while very greatly increasing the system output.

Most imagine that the Tesla impulse system is merely a “very high frequency alternator”. This is a completely erroneous notion, resulting in effects which can never equal those to which Tesla referred. The magnetic discharge device was a true stroke of genius. It rapidly extinguishes capacitor charge in a single disruptive blast. This rapid current rise and decline formed an impulse of extraordinary power. Tesla called this form of automatic arc switching a “disruptive discharge” circuit, distinguishing it from numerous other kinds of arc discharge systems. It is very simply a means for interrupting a high voltage direct current without allowing any backward current alternations. When these conditions are satisfied, the Tesla Effect is then observed.

The asymmetrical positioning of the capacitor and the magnetic arc determines the polarity of the impulse train. If the magnetic arc device is placed near the positive charging side, then the strap is charged negative and the resultant current discharge is decidedly negative.

Tesla approached the testing of his more powerful systems with certain fear. Each step of the testing process was necessarily a dangerous one. But he discovered that when the discharges exceeded ten thousand per second, the painful shock effect was absent. Nerves of the body were obviously incapable of registering the separate impulses. But this insensitivity could lead to a most seductive death. The deadly aspects of electricity might remain. Tesla was therefore all the more wary of the experiments.

He noticed that, though the pain field was gone, the familiar pressure effect remained. In its place came a defined and penetrating heat. Tesla was well aware that such heat could signal internal electrocution. He had already made a thorough study of these processes, recognizing that such heating precedes the formation of electrical arcs through the body. Nevertheless, he applied power to the dynamo in small but steady intervals.

Each increase brought increase in the internal heating effects. He remained poised at each power level, sensing and scoping his own physiology for danger signs. He continued raising the power level until the magnetic arc reached its full buzzing roar. Tesla found that this heat could be adjusted and, when not extreme, was completely enjoyable. So soothing, relaxing, and comfortable was this manifestation that Tesla daily exposed himself to the energies. An electrical “sauna”.
He later reported these findings in medical journals, freely offering the discovery to the medical world for its therapeutic benefits. Tesla was a notorious user of all such therapies from this time on, often falling into a deep sleep in the warm and penetrating influences. Once, having overindulged the electro-sauna therapy, he fell into a profoundly deep sleep from which he emerged a day later! He reported that this experience was not unpleasant, but realized that proper “electro-dosages” would necessarily have to be determined by medical personnel.

During this time, Tesla found shorter impulse lengths where the heating effect disappeared altogether, rendering the radiance absolutely harmless. These impulse trains were so very high that the deepest nerves of one’s body could not sense the permeating radiant energy field. Now he could pursue his vision of broadcast energy systems without fear of rendering to humanity a technological curse, rather than a true blessing.

Continued in . . .
The Broadcast Power of Nikola Tesla – Part 2

Related articles:

1. The Broadcast Power of Nikola Tesla (Part 2)
2. The Broadcast Power of Nikola Tesla (Part 3)
3. The Tesla Mystique

A recent excellent article by Lawrence Forsley recounted each major step in the history of “hot fusion” projects. The account depicts the arduous pursuit of hopeful and brilliant personnel chasing after a prize which never appeared. This chapter in technological history left most scientific researchers with a sense of silent despair. Exploration of this inward sense of loss was an emotional item which few actually and honestly addressed. Yet the projects rolled on.

Hot fusion was THE cold war quest. Besides the space race, FUSION was the socio­scientific dream. The loss of hope… the loss of myth… in this massive social project produced a brooding meditation among engineers who were devoted to its fulfillment. For the better part of twenty years there were billions of dollars spent for fusion research… seemingly in vain.

Each lost social dream becomes social malaise. Wars develop when social myths are deferred. The synthetic manufacture of new and continual myths replaces the hope deferred. Governments and regulators sponsor such alternative myths continually. The gross funding of new fusion projects represents a means for maintaining public morale at a very subliminal level.

The elusive prize was replaced by countless journals, articles, and texts… as if so much paper would fulfill the absence of the Grail. This general sense of misdirection among most physicists was balanced by a furious return to the chalkboards and publishing homes. The dream deferred became mere talk and analysis. Theoreticians, at least, found continual employment.

Shelves of once optimistic theoretical works on fusion were suddenly flooded over with equally optimistic and authoritarian apologetics. These inflated works proclaimed the “way out” through newer magnetic containment systems.

While most project personnel simply dissociated themselves from the race for controlled fusion, others (foolishly) raised their broken swords higher and “challenged nature to achieve where anti others failed. This of course meant that grant monies were to be sought again… despite the generally accepted hopelessness of the quest Fusion researchers were trapped, like some modern Tantalus… in magnetic containment.

MAGNETIC CONTAINMENT

The tragedy of each magnetic containment device lay chiefly in the theoretical promise which always failed. The hope deferred seemed to flood each separate project not long after a particular device was constructed. One usually knew after the very first trial what the end would be… and how soon it would come.

In methodic succession, and after several billion dollars were spent it became apparent that the magnetic containment systems would not succeed at all. Mercurial and elusive, certain designers attempted to “steal the secret” despite the natural odds: to fight with Nature and wrestle from her jealous hands the guarded gold. Not one imagined that perhaps their method was the wrong one… that Nature would not let go of her gold because the suitors were behaving like barbarians.

The need for the gigantic was also a feature of these projects. No units smaller than a gymnasium could meet the theoretical need. Somehow both the theoreticians and project designers believed the delusion that size and symmetry would “make the difference” in magnetic systems. Always the secret hope was held that “this one might do it.” Small laboratory devices produced unstable plasmas because they were small. Larger devices should produce more crushing power… like building an ever larger press to squeeze a lightning bolt.

Many project designers simply failed to promise a fusion achievement altogether from the outset… preferring to maintain the “safe grounds of plasma analysis.” The ancillary projects (instability analysis, arc analysis, plasma contamination, plasma diagnostics) made their appearance… a flood of “studies”… but no reactor. Grant money was poured into “plasma analytic methodologies” and almost dominated the scene where working fusion reactors should have stood.

P. Kapitza studied ball lightning phenomena with a remarkably opened mind when few academicians would not even dare touch the topic at all. S. Ulam also studied reports of the accidental formation of plasmoids among submarine generators and arc switching devices. Others studied the piezoelectric formation of plasmoids in rock fractures. Thorough research on Tesla Technology (and Tesla’s means for generating plasmoids at will) seemed to open doorways toward new possibilities.

M. Theroux developed a special Tesla transformer which actually projected small aerial plasmoids… and could repeat the performance. The Air Force funded a much larger project toward this end (R Golka). Each was looking for the answer in a new realm. And this was the precise answer… to look elsewhere for that which intuition envisions.

Intuition craves confirmation however. Too few of these “new view” researchers were actually familiar with the archives of both natural and laboratory anomalies. No one remembers what has already been achieved in isolated laboratories. Very often a chance occurrence, however subtle, gives the new direction to the world. New hydrogen energy, you will remember, was observed by several qualified persons in diverse places. Had these records been forgotten, perhaps the new revolution might never have been forged.

Were the hot fusionists true and ardent students of the stored periodical treasurehouse they too would not have simply written more surficial papers on their views. They would have known what to do to achieve the prize itself, for the answer was there… in a group of patents some twenty five years old which should have been known by all of them collectively. Perhaps they would have found their way back to the forgotten mines… but then came Tokamak.

When the Tokamak rose in the east, it seemed to offer the brightest new morning of life for fusion research. Many stole away to steal the secret of its fire. But even the Tokamak failed to deliver the immediacy of its promised prize. So deeply resentful were many researchers after the postponement of immediate success that few would even believe that the goal could be reached at all.

It is not unreasonable (given the emotional infrastructure of fusion research) that science had become first melancholy and then sanguine in all its subsequent discussions of controlled nuclear fusion. The topic represents (to the crusaders) a major dragon left undefeated. Most would rather forget the dream and all knowledge of it.

Forgotten knowledge was the main problem. Even before magnetic containment was attempted, there was a simpler answer to the particle containment problem. In his closing paragraphs Dr. Forsley asks that we imagine the truths which were lost through out this period in venture­technology.

An answer had been recorded into the scientific ledgers already which would have spared these valiant workers much time, money, and disappointment. Forgotten knowledge started all the researchers off in the wrong direction from the start.

FORGOTTEN KNOWLEDGE

Unexpected devices of great import emerge from very old patent registers and periodicals. These developments span two hundred years of astounding technological progress, and chronicle our epistemological progress as a civilization. The literary treasure house of this time period contains incredible discoveries which remain yet unrecognized, unevaluated, and forgotten.

Despite this fact, many academicians are overly confident that “old knowledge” has been thoroughly comprehended and admixed into contemporary theory and is, therefore, expendable. This view is inwardly believed to such a degree that old texts are methodically being gathered into “annex” warehouses. These treasures are then permitted to decay and are (gradually) eliminated.

This shockingly repugnant pride is the very opposite of scientific sensibility. This mindset is counter­productive and totally self destructive. Each new unexpected discovery comes as a sharp rebuke to those who remain unenlightened concerning the past. Old texts preserve forgotten thoughts… not disproven thoughts. Researchers have committed their often anomalous and disquieting observations and findings to the journals and texts. It is traditional practice that what cannot be now explained must be treasured, pondered, and comprehended for some future purpose. Discovery and anomaly are rare gifts which must be honored and preserved until understood.

The scientific historian methodically searches out catalogues of forgotten phenomena by thorough examination of old periodicals, texts, and patent files. The retrieval of old and forgotten observations, discoveries, scientific anecdotal records, and rare natural phenomena provide the intellectual dimension desperately needed by modern researchers who work in a vacuum of dogma. It is astounding to find the volumes of rare and anomalous phenomena­lists and laboratory anecdotes made by credible and qualified Victorian researchers throughout older volumes of Nature Magazine and The Electrician (c.1890).

The retrieval of inventions, designs, and other applications reveal repeatable phenomena “in application” which demand re­evaluation of tenaciously held theoretical models. The trained researcher identifies, distinguishes, and secures those particular forgotten discoveries which violate contemporarily held theoretical models. The aim of this research is new knowledge through reevaluation.

Eric Dollard is an electrical engineer who has done remarkably exhaustive historical research and experimental verifications of scientific claims made by Nikola Tesla a century before. It was through Mr. Dollard that we learned about a forgotten chapter in the art of controlled thermonuclear fusion like no other. In fact, those who read this article may be shocked to learn the real truth abouttone specific “hot fusion” project from 1962 until 1967.

The reality of anyone controlling fusion reactions… and reaching self­sustaining reaction stage would sound bizarre to anyone familiar with the historical publications. Of all the venture projects chasing after the hot fusion Grail one group of researchers looked directly into Nature’s brilliant face and saw her sparkling eyes. Mr. Dollard’s research on unusual electron tubes led him into an exhaustive study of several vacuum tube designs patented by the father of electronic television: Dr. Philo T. Farnsworth. There he found the forgotten gem.

PHILO T. FARNSWORTH

Among the incredibly prolific patents of Dr. Farnsworth are two working designs for achieving practical nuclear (“hot”) fusion. Dr. Farnsworth is the original designer of true electronic television. He had to develop the entire system of electronic television with all its parts. Image dissectors, pulse transmitters, synchronizing oscillators, synchronous scanning, image analyzers, receivers, and special cathode ray tubes… Farnsworth conceived, designed, and hand built each of them.

The technological demands of his complete television system required the development of very special electron tubes from start to finish. Each component demanded new tube designs and operational theories. In fact, examination of the Farnsworth patents reveals nothing but novel tube designs without contemporary equal.

Existing multi­element tubes could neither match the stringent power demands or frequency requirements of television. Therefore Farnsworth developed numerous unusual tubes to make his television oscillators, receivers, and transmitters more efficient. No existing technology could match the performance characteristics of his UHF oscillators, electron multipliers, and cold cathode signal amplifier tubes when he patented them.

Farnsworth designed numerous high­power UHF tubes. Notable among these designs were cold cathode devices (some of which employed soft radioactive materials), photomultipliers, multipactors, IR imaging tubes, image storage tubes, and image amplifiers. Each was a marvel of originality and inspiration. But the multipactor was a true wonder.

The multipactor design employs two opposed concave cathodes and a central series of cylindrical anodes. Noise surges generate and sustain powerful tunable oscillations within the multipactor when voltage is simply applied to the cathodes and anode. The multipactor utilizes photomultiplier effects to supply electrons. Multipactor performance borders on the anomalous, approaching “impossible” efficiency coefficients.. His success was followed closely by engineers from every military and industrial group. Full­scale research addressed the multipactor efficiency “problem”. Reports from the time period may be easily secured for study and re­evaluation.

Farnsworth continued to be a prolific designer of very unusual electron tubes before and after World War II. Casual examination of his patents continually proved the genius behind the legend. Dr. Farnsworth explored new alternatives and designed radically new concepts into a series of electron tubes which became as heralded as his development of electronic television. Each development produced in own species of anomalous phenomena These were each utilized and compounded in his successive developments. The patent record tells the story best.

PLASMOIDS AND VIRTUAL ELECTRODES

While testing high power UHF tubes Farnsworth discovered an anomalous self­focussiog space charge phenomenon. These space charge plasmoids glowed all the more brilliant with increasing application of voltage… a control characteristic. He named these point­plasma phenomena “poissors”.

“Poissors are brilliant space­suspended plasmoids of star­like appearance. When Dr. Farnsworth operated his multipactors the poissor phenomena manifested themselves with special brilliance. Electron optical focusing concentrates ions just as mirrors concentrate light. Early Farnsworth multipactors utilized twin opposed concave cold cathodes.

The design feature of concave electrodes was a radical departure in the world of electron tube designs at the time. Most electrodes of the day were simple planar surfaces. The concaves permitted the re­discovery of electron optics… a phenomenon originally witnessed by Sir William Crookes and forgotten. Students are directed to the Crookes tube with its concave cathodes.

Farnsworth multipactors and cold cathode discharge tubes produce optically focused “poissors” and exhibited all the response­control characteristics later sought by plasma physicists in their race toward achieving hot fusion. Control­responsive poissors would shrink in size, increase in ionic density, and produce more brilliant light with increasing voltage application.

Notably discovered in 1936, the poissor phenomenon made a new breed of electron power tubes and plasma devices possible. The existence of these mysterious suspended plasmoids stimulated Farnsworth’s research toward the refined use of electron optics. His refinement and use of the newly manifested phenomena produced remarkable performance efficiencies in UHF and SHF applications. In their unprecedented spherical geometries the Farnsworth tubes proved incredibly efficient and long lasting.

Virtual electrodes could influence electron behavior in power tubes. Ions could be bound in small plasma points (poissors) exhibiting stability in ionic multi­layers and sheaths. Poissors could absorb and store energy: an aspect which deeply impressed Dr. Farnsworth. The time for their retrieval from the archives of the anomalous drew close.

By 1953 he had conceived of a means for using the poissor phenomenon to produce controlled nuclear fusion reactions.. The patent record shows that Farnsworth achieved the goal. Yet, there are far more deeply entwined reasons why few have ever heard of Dr. Farnsworth’s contributions and achievements besides the academic censure of this possibility.

THE “FUSOR”

In 1959 H. S. Geneen (Raytheon) invited Dr. Farnsworth to address the ITT board of directors on controlled nuclear fusion. Against the verbalized misgivings of the AEC this lecture­presentation was given. Shortly thereafter a preliminary test on the Farnsworth “Fusor” was performed in a small ITT basement laboratory. His first design for a hot fusion reactor was realized in 1959. ITT monitored all the research and brought its own supervisors into Farnsworth’s team.

Virtual poissor plasmoids of deuterium would be isolated, shaped, confined, treated, balanced, or moved without magnetic confinement. Farnsworth’s solution to reactant confinement was elegant, simple, inexpensive, and highly efficient. He designed a new and dramatically original tube which he named “The Fusor”. This was the summation of a lifetime’s discoveries and development. I believe it is the most advanced electron power tube ever designed.

The Fusor is a device which produces controllable hot fusion reactions and does not utilize magnetic confinement. The design is a radical departure from all the designs of its time frame. The Fusor is comprised of a spherical anode which concentrically surrounds a cathode. A plurality of ion guns are mounted on the anode exterior in spherically spaced and diametrically aligned relationship so that their beam axes intersect at the cathode center. Ions from the guns are propelled and focused into the center of the cathode. This establishes in the cathode interior a series of concentric spherical sheaths of alternating maxima and minima potentials: the “virtual electrodes”.

Ions never touch any surfaces in these tubes. Magnets are never needed. The ions which “fall” into the center-most virtual electrode have fusion energies, and are contained at a density sufficient to produce fusion reactions. Charged particles are literally compressed into the required density in the central region by the process of inertial containment… a term in the art which Farnsworth first coined.

Oscillating ions are concentrically gathered in a series of charge sheaths which conform to the optically focussed fields and which represent the distributed kinetic energies of ions in the poissor. Potential escaping pre­reactive ions encounter successive electrostatic repulsions until they are forced back into their center. The Fusor System proved stable throughout its forgotten seven year research history.

With developed potentials of sufficiently high magnitude the fusion reaction can be sustained and controlled at will. Furthermore, fusion energy produces powerfully escaping nuclei which perform work against the anode field. This ionic pressure augments the applied field and appearing as a dramatic surge in field strength: one that may be directly harnessed and used in external loads as electrical power.

The Fusor Patent The fears of a “runaway reaction” were handled in the natural equilibrium maintained by the poissor core structure… as stars self maintain their output by expanding and reducing plasma density. Poissors were found to be remarkably resilient and resistive to instabilities. Farnsworth solved the confinement and conversion problems in one design. The field symmetries and process involved in achieving this variety of hot fusion seems macro-analogous to those characteristics being now explored in “cold” fusion.

On October 8, 1960, the Mark I produced a steady­state neutron count when deuterium was admitted into the device with very low power application. The central feature during these tests was not the neutron count itself. What was sought in these tests lay in the control of the reaction under increasing power application. Farnsworth established and charted increasing neutron counts with increasing application of electrostatic power. It is suggested that the reader obtain and study copies of the Fusor (patent 3,386,883).

STEADY PROGRESS

With deuterium gas in the Mark II Model 2 Fusor a count exceeding 50 M­neutrons cc/sec was recorded at 80 Kv. and 30 rnA. input. This device produced 1.3 G-neutrons/sec. in a sustained reaction for more than one minute. These reactions were stable, completely under the operator’s control, and could be repeated.

On October 5, 1965 the Fusor Mark II­, Model 6 was tested. A reconfigured, high­precision ion gun arrangement produced l G­neutrons cc/see at 20 Kv. and 1 mA…. a record achievement. On December 28, 1965 tritium was admitted into the test chamber… producing 2.6 G-neutrons/sec. at 105 Kv. and 45 mA.. With a mixture of tritium and deuterium on the very next day Dr. Farnsworth’s team measured and recorded 6.2 G-neutrons/sec. at 170 Kv..

The Mark III Fusor produced startling high records in quick succession. By the start of 196.5 the team was routinely measuring 15.5 G-neutrons/sec at 150 Kv and 70 mA. The final problem to be tackled involved the poissor itself. Self-containing and tightly layered, the fusion poissor would not admit fuel into its core once the reaction had begun. It must be remembered that this Fusor was softball­sized. A Fusor having a diameter of just one meter would permit greater ignition power for a smaller time period… while multiplying output power volumetrically.

SUSTAINED FUSION REACTION

Dr. Farnsworth reported that his team achieved a self­sustaining reaction on several occasions… and could repeat the effect. He once invited his wife to watch a test­run of this feat. As power was applied to the Fusor the neutron­reading meter achieved a steady threshold and there remained… until a slight increment of power was applied. Then the needle went off the scale. Dr. Farnsworth cut the applied power… but the needle remained in place for thirty seconds or more as the reaction continued.

ITT gradually absorbed the entire project. All related patents were assigned to ITT as success was achieved in steady steps. While steady progress was being achieved at a modest cost (examine the photographs), lTT was being influenced by powerful professionally hired “opinion makers” to drop fusion research. Suddenly even Wall Street analysts were publishing their “concerns” for ITT and its absorption of the Farnsworth subsidiary. Farnsworth himself was made the focus of every corporate death-word. These outlandish accusations indelibly remain in newspapers from the time period.

The suppression and assassination of technology is historically the response of frightened competitors… response to an impending breakthrough which might wipe out competitors. Crowd pleasing philanthropists become predators when possible usurpers appear.

Piercing voices appeared from everywhere against Farnsworth. A large reception at the Waldorf was astir with executive unrest concerning the Farnsworth research project While dressing, Farnsworth suffered a mild stroke. The AEC was mounting the nuclear fission race and the “anti­fusion” race simultaneously… and using every tactic to achieve total dominance of the energy field. He was relieved of his research project

The effect of such disappointment upon those whose lives and hopes are involved in such research is never superficial. In them ride the dreams of whole societies and futures. Those who harm such individuals do not survive in the long run. The price for the dreamer, however, is dear. Dr. Farnsworth suffered another stroke on a plane ride back home. He then retired to convalesce.

During his recuperative period at home he decided that the Fusor should be developed to its complete perfection. ITT had formally and publicly stated that the Fusor was a “dead­end”. Farnsworth thought that since this was their attitude, he might have a try at re­obtaining his patents. He therefore contacted ITT and honestly announced his intentions. The answer was negative and impersonal… a curious response for a device which was a “dead-end”… given to such an eminent personage whose inventions maintain the entire ITT operation to this day.

COOL DOWN

In quick successions, ITT asserted its complete ownership of all Fusor applications in the future. ITT warned Farnsworth that it would dominate all Fusor research forever… despite its “unfeasibility”. ITT then cut all formal financial ties with Farnsworth and left him virtually bankrupt. ITT now holds the Farnsworth patents… and bears the social debt of responsibility for suppressing Fusor technology.

In July 1969 Farnsworth built a small Fusor lab in a Brigham Young University cellar room. With purchased equipment from ITT he continued his research with generous University support. Creditors were crowding him on every side. During this time an offer came to him from SONY. He felt unable to continue. Physically ill for a long time and emotionally scarred, he died from pneumonia in 1971.

The aim of my article is not simply to re­expose mere technical facts… but to explore deeper issues of science and society. Hot fusion was achieved, scrutinized, assassinated… and suppressed. It is remarkable that few individuals in the fusion research teams across the world are even aware that their goal was realistically attained. The device which attained this feat was elegantly simple, but the movements of these social energies must first be clearly understood.

Several questions now demand simple answers. What names were behind the obvious and deliberate attack on Farnsworth’s Fusor project? How have these forces managed to keep Farnsworth’s work completely suppressed? How is it that ITT never re­exarnined and duplicated the Fusor Project? Why are outrageously huge funds yet being supplied for Tokamak projects? Are these grant mix­appropriations deliberate or are they the inertial results of forgotten knowledge? Is the synthesis of artificial social myths accumulating ignorance among those who originally produced them?

UNEXPECTED DISCOVERY

Those who are familiar with the lure of science archives understand very well that more potential technology lies dormant than is currently addressed, discussed, or implemented. Much of modern scientific research is the weak echo of work already completed within the last century. There are those who prefer to collect grants and assure themselves of bureaucratically “safe” experiments rather than ris} their yearly salaries on radically new scientific ventures.

Survivalism among academicians is no less savage and ruthless than among other groups with whom we more often associate base behavior. There are those who use projects in “throw away” fashion just to survive. There are those whose jaded personalities have taken a survivalistic stance and already accept that hot fusion is a dead­end… but a steady income.

This kind of pessimism in the scientific field promotes status-quo technology and eventually blocks He paths toward adventure arid discovery wherever and whenever it can. Unfulfilled minds become pessimistic. Unchecked pessimism becomes maliciousness.

The true and original artists of contemporary science are difficult to name except for those in radical technological ventures. It is rare today to find that kind of explosive scientific development which absolute saturates Victorian journals between 1880 and 1910. Yet we recognize that our Victorian mentors were responsible for the paths upon which we are now traveling.

More radical discovery and technology were forged during the Victorian time period than is actually engaged today. Science also seems to have great difficulty in making simple assertive statements as did our forebears… who produced a far greater weight of accomplishments. Science speaks of “statistical agreement” and “reasonably close correlations”. Not one individual is willing or able to simply say “yes” or “no”.

I was not surprised when scores of non­committal authority pleasing academicians came forward to refute new hydrogen energy. It was rather like watching reflexive behavior in laboratory animals. I believe the next regulatory step will be to ban the production of these designs and devices outright. We should be prepared for the corporate onslaught. I personally believe that we should take our options as global citizens… and cultivate the new technology among disadvantaged nations.

LIGHTS OUT

One observes that the scientific community automatically digests potential possibilities whenever new unexpected discoveries manifest themselves. This again is that rigid kind of scientific dogmatism which holds forth the graven image of “the model” before the truth. The cultivation of new discovery is an unknown art in our day… except among a rare few.

What is “unexpected discovery”? Is it not the piercing reminder that theoretical models can never replace or truly confine natural reality? Yet there are those who have inwardly replaced reality with the model… and defend the model to the death. The bright light of any natural anomaly or unexpected discovery is hated precisely because it is feared. The model for many scientific personnel is secretly their “lifeline”… their mantra. These personalities are easy to identify. Unfortunately, in positions of power, they are formidable dissuaders of new technologies.

Newly recognized phenomena and unexpected anomalies distinguish natural reality from all models. The trained scientific historian scours the sometimes rotting refuse of discarded periodicals with particular regret In these discarded stacks lie observations of enormous scope which were faithfully committed by their discoverers to the academic storehouse in hopes that these would be honored, evaluated, and admixed into newer awareness.

Why is unexpected discovery feared and hated by financial dynasties ? New technology spell. ruin for those whose status­quo policy has eliminated them from the competitive race. Most very wealthy individuals are never passionate Makers. Neither are they true philanthropists. While removing the future on the one hand they make publicly acclaimed contributions on the other. The banal misuse of powerful positions wields control to stop progress.

Regulating what discoveries are “permissible” precedes limiting “what can be known”. In other words the control of discovery precedes the control of knowledge. The control of knowledge precedes the control of awareness. Most of the world’s greatest scientific potentials lie tragically forgotten in libraries throughout the world. It is indeed remarkable to discover forgotten scientific history in the journals and patent registers because such hinds” often answer current technological problems from a more fundamental level than is imagined. The libraries themselves are being systematically gleaned and old “inadmissible” knowledge is being eradicated.

UNPRECEDENTED MAGNITUDES

Several purposes underscore this paper. The first is recounting the story of Dr. Farnsworth’s Fusor. The second concerns knowledge forgotten. We must never take the study and preservation of archival records lightly. The third aim encourages realization concerning “undefeatable” problems: they are intended to stop our progress along false paths. The fourth purpose lies in understanding the social ramifications of social dreams, new energy, new technology, and the corporate regulators of these social energies. The fifth is purely scientific: new hydrogen energy has produced tiny poissors in the solid state (Iyengar, Srinivasan).

The advent of new hydrogen energy research represents a natural phenomenon of unprecedented magnitude… a sociological event. Here we find ourselves in possession of devices which operate on tap water… and which produce prodigious amounts of heat with insignificant electrical stimuli! The need for palladium metal is not always a strict requirement… titanium and even nickel suffice under certain conditions

A mystical belief of mine deals with the suppression of truth by corporate regulators… and the global consequences of such suppression. Discovery itself is a phenomenon. Discoveries are granted as tools of survival against future needs on behalf of our race.

Of discovery I may say that suppression and manipulation results in an unstoppable reaction… the frightening release of newer, simpler technologies in every corner of the world. This phenomenal dispersion so assaults would­be controllers that no one regulator may ever seize, quench, or destroy the new technological species.

There are new discoveries to be made everywhere… they never cease appearing. As stars which appear in the blackness of space, so too the miracle of discovery endlessly manifests. This new energy revolution is itself a phenomenon… and win yield to those who pursue it the promise fulfilled.

Related articles:

1. The Farnsworth Multipactor Tube
2. Introduction to Dielectricity and Capacitance
3. Eric Dollard on “The Fallacy of Conductors”

The messages engraved in the heart of certain discoveries and inventions, many times, may take years of earnest search to unlock. I believe this to be so because we perceive that Space Itself is Intelligent; and any Ray of Discovery which is sent into any sensitive recipient sends within itself deep messagings into new foundations from which it issues forth.

Such is the case with the very great and profound discoveries of Dr. Thomas Henry Moray, whose notes and letters have been searched through for decades with little progress, save perhaps in the venues of philosophy and basic understandings concerning Space. This, we maintain, is because no one has made any significant post-developmental work upon this great discoverer’s designs in the physical sense. All subsequent work has been verbal and cognitive. It is well within the power of certain devices of legendary position to generate such intense mental focussings in suited populations of individuals.

Recently I have been fortunate enough to experience a series of observations which may hold the secret of a new power for us, and a means of unlocking many of these mysteries which have captivated our imaginations, hopes, and expectations. For a long while I have been carefully studying telluric energies (earth veinic energies) and have been experiencing the varieties of sensations which do accompany the regular surgings within these ground-crystals. First to be mentioned is the Black Ray energy, which I will speak of in certain future papers, and which is thrillingly present along the whole course of any major veinic line. This Black Ray is seen and felt as a shining black zone of extreme absorptivity, and is seen especially at night near certain structures (natural and/or man-made).

If one should look carefully around street lamps at certain wintery times of the year (after sunset has passed) one will see these aureoles of radiant shining blackness. These zones are specifically focussed, and seem to emanate from specific spots in stonewalls, iron fences, the ground itself, certain trees, poles and posts of iron, and many more places than I can here mention.

Suffice it to be said that this Black Ray sparkles out of specific spots in stonewalls, iron fences, the ground itself, certain trees, poles and posts of iron, and many more places than I can here mention. Suffice it to be said that this Black Ray sparkles out of specific materials best, and (when in maximum surge) rises up above the ground in a shield or crown of beautiful clarity.

Within these natural enclosures of energy, one may experience a very meaningful array of sensations. In fact, within such an energy shield, one realizes the validity of many anciently held views of the experiential realms which meet and interrelate throughout the vast reaches of Space. It is possible to find zones of pure beauty, or of pure form; these, along with their other number of major experiencings, are maximized at specific positions.

The angulations of these directed energies is all-important, and one may actually peer up through such a shield into the very deeps of the Vastness and receive great sudden surges of transcendent knowing. The very deep emotional content of these constant personal surgings can never be adequately described. Only experience of these may ever share the true sense of fusion with the telluric energies.

Within such realms of experience, there have come certain more recent discoveries which may bring about a true and basic understanding of many scientific mysteries we have long focussed upon. We have focussed our detailed studies upon certain discoveries and designs, because these were granules of pure experience generated ex nihilo in the minds of their inventors. They are messages as well as glorious machines, which Space Itself is sending into us. Therefore, they have this sense of mystery written within them along with an eloquent beauty and form which is indescribable. They are pivot-points for the minds of sentient beings to tap experience from. And we have been captivated by them, for they are mythologic objects.

While peering along a main telluric vein (which I have determined near my home) certain visual and mental phenomena began to occur with increasing regularity which I would now like to describe. The Main Veinic passes in an angular route past my kitchen window. It nearly follows the main roadway off into the distance. While many of us recognize that “ley lines” often become (nearly) such main roadways in human affairs, we will not venture into a detailed study of that phenomenon. Neither will we speak more of the many ways in which the telluric energy will reveal itself to planners and builders who give names such as “Woodrow”, “Odell”, “Lelane” and the like to those roadways which coincide with the local earth geometry.

While I have often found these names amusing whenever I see them, I find their associated energies to be much more. I had been in the study of certain geometries and their effect upon the Black Ray energy. I also was marvelously drawn to begin study of the various materials which, in certain geometric array, would affect the receptivity and experience of the participant within the energetic realm mentioned. Watching the Black Ray energy along that road-veinic I was suddenly surprised by a series of sudden and consistent “wavings” which were visual.

Imagine looking at a normal scene at night, and seeing black ripples of the most delicate sort passing from Space down into the ground. These were not regular in sequence, neither were they isolated (“out there”) from me. I was much a part of that sensation. In fact, the experience was a total one; one in which distinctions of observer-participant were melting away. Later on, while in a state of great enthusiasm, I began to determine whether the effect itself might be enhanced in some way. I found that these effects were never strongly experienced away from the Veinic Axis. I also found that because of this, they were never reported for lack of consistent observations.

The second phase of these researches were aimed at determining whether or not certain local disturbances were being modified by local materials and their geometries. I found that a great “loading” of the roadway with iron fencing was a primary source of accumulation of the effect. Numerous other iron posts, and strings of strong halogen street lamps also gave strength to the effect. But it was the very window I was peering through which gave the strongest sense of acting as a “visuator” of the phenomenon.

Many times I have noted the appearance of an outer glow coming into an ordinary window, angulated (as built) with a local major vein in the ground. It is vital to note that these effects are strongest experienced when they are aligned and placed near these veinic passages in the ground. Place and position are all important. The activity and attitude of 20th Century scientism is that objects and experimental apparatus will act the same in any position. This stems from two very erroneous conceptions.

First, there is the “scientismic” belief that effects are causes. When scientists make study of mass-length-time, they are merely studying the inertial effects of formative energies, and therefore are studying only the smoothened surface of an inertial realm which they have strengthened and focussed. True reality is an entire spectrum of experiences, with subjectivity as the rule. Many phenomena would pass unnoticed were they to be measured by inert clocks alone. Time, in its truth, is a subjectively known wonder.

Our aim should be to devise means of sharing our perceptions directly with others through the use of new devices. Such a study is found in Radionics and Psychotronics, the frontiers of the future. The second fallacy which the scientismic crafts are advancing for endorsement is the notion that “the object summons the forces” rather than that the forces generate and sustain the object. Now the “object” of which we speak may be any experimental apparatus, any power device, any material focus of consciousness. What scientists claim is possession of “absolute” objects, those whose functions persist because of their own ability to force the forces out of their own angulations and natural course. What we have asserted is a very respectful and surrendered participation with ordained natural energies, the true energies of the Vastness. Within this structure, we may design, structure, and arrange our devices with ease. Many of these are passive types of machines, whose functions fail whenever they are taken out of cooperative relationship within the ground-veinic angulations we have used. The strongest, most severe form of dynamic is to be found herein alone.

The glow seen on wintery days comes through an angulated window whenever certain conditions are met. Have you ever seen the “blue orgone glow” coming from the outside whenever the snow is freshly fallen? You will only see it powerfully when an incandescent lamp is on within the house. Turn the lamp off and look outside through the window again. The bluish glow is gone.

Only the hard grey of the natural light will be seen. Another effect which requires a small bit of close observation is the manner in which the bluish glow spreads uniformly over the crown of the glass window. The smooth glow will spread out across the pane slowly, after the incandescent bulb is lit. Try the effect several times just to convince yourself that the effect is real. When the lamp is off the glow dissolves away.

The kitchen window I was peering through had a simple, thin-vaned, horizontal venetian blind over it. Immediately above this, and recessed, is a downward aimed incandescent spotlight of low power. This “haphazard” arrangement has a very warm and beautifully attractive artistic sense to it, the very mark of a natural radionic arrangement. When viewing the Veinic Line through this arrangement, the Blackwave effect was enormously magnified. I tested this with the lamp off, and the effect resumed its natural intensity. With the blinds removed, the effect remained again at natural intensity. But with both blinds adjusted and spotlight on, the effect was enormously powerful.

I have been making observations through this natural visuator for quite awhile now, and have much more to say about the effect and its meaning in other directions of technological pursuit. The sudden and powerful awareness of exactly what we are observing herein may offer us a reasonable and strong entry into what Dr. Thomas Henry Moray was actually developing.

The second step in approaching this possibility must invite the work of Mr. Dan Winter in the field of Dirac-wave detections. In a marvelous paper, Mr. Winter described an experiment which he and his associate performed. It is perhaps the most important such experiment to date in the field of Moray research. In this specific experiment, Mr. Winter structured two very modified galena crystal radio detectors. Each of the fine wire “catwhiskers” was prepared to hold a minute piece of carnotite. These crystal detectors were separated and each metered suitably.

What the team discovered was a strange phenomenon of correspondence between each arrangement, though separation was maintained. Whenever any radioactive material is placed in an electrically conductive circuit, several strange effects are noted. These are never mentioned in the finest graduate texts, and they are even rarely mentioned in such excellent experimenter’s texts as by Pohl, if, in fact, they may be found at all any longer.

I believe that certain of the sundry details involving the sudden and mysterious increase of line-conductivity within a radioactively loaded circuit, and the increase of voltage with certain radioactive diodes, the spurious sudden anomalies of high voltage spikes and the like, all are kept in the rarest of secrets. What Mr. Winter observed was a strange surging correspondence between two separated radioactive detectors.

This should not be, according to classically promoted radioactive “laws”. Radioactivity, for the university people, is an unalterable, immutable condition of certain materials. All radiations are emitted in a regularly consistent spray, according to them. No variations within the ray-field of any radioactive sample, no pulsatory phenomena have ever been reported.

If such were the case, then huge power stations could be made merely from the natural radioactivity of certain substances. Paul Brown had chronicled the history of such patented nuclear batteries as far back as 1926, and had claimed that Moray’s device was just such a nuclear battery. We can hardly agree, although I find Mr. Brown’s papers marvelous, and his research thrilling in every aspect. I may describe the steps involved in proving that Moray was not building mere nuclear batteries. I must also include the mention of an experiment performed by an associate of Dr. Moray, a researcher who has developed an interesting device reminiscent of Philo Farnsworth’s cold-cathode power tube, although along his own lines and originality of thought. Mr. Hart has a tube which is depressurized and filled with a mixture of mercury and helium. Within this tube are two screens which are saturated with carnotite. Each end of the tube has an electrode, and these are connected (electrode and screen) to a 4000 volt transformer.

When the A.C. power switched on, there is a sudden transformation in the room as the tube begins to thunder and rattle. The sounds outside the tube are said, by Mr. Winter, to resemble small lightning strokes. Geiger counters held far from the apparatus simply go off the scale. Contrary to the opinions of some observers of this phenomenon, we believe that a strange dynamic surge fluxes through the room, we do not believe that it is a mere electromagnetic disturbance which effects the Geiger tube “jam”.

Such radio-electric phenomena must be better chronicled and collated. Dr. Moray did not have the resources to purchase radium chloride in suitable quantities to achieve the initial 5 KW outputs which he demonstrated. Neither would he expose personnel and self to dangerous fluxes of rays with his detectors, were they of these varieties. I do not believe he would carry these in his pocket (as he did on several occasions) were these dangerous radium tubes. To achieve the greater outputs which he demonstrated later on (the 50 KW devices) he did not need to purchase more radium chloride.

The very mystery of Dr. Moray’s device rests on his discovery of mutual, irregular pulsations which he found two or more detectors to demonstrate. Such regional, environmental effects could only be due to an external agent of far greater power than even that of radioactivity. In fact, when Dr. Moray saw this phenomenon at work, then he realized the validity of Nikola Tesla’s belief of the real cause of radioactivity. Tesla believed that any material which was demonstrating the continuous emission of fine particles as energetic as he detected them to be, must surely be under an even more intense bombardment. Such a bombardment must surely be due to a particulated emission which was ever more fine than those rays being emitted. That specific materials were the ones manifesting these continuous emissions indicated that certain densities of matter were required before interceptions of these “cosmic rays” could occur.

Only certain nuclei would intercept these rays and explode under impact. This is far from what we have been told in the halls of academia. The leading physics persons of the day will (in the same breath) tell you that all phenomena are self-generated and insular, while also asserting that there can be no spontaneous manifestations of energy without an outside agent. If “radioactive atoms” are spontaneously exploding because of some internal resonant condition, then what is causing that disturbance?

Only Tesla’s deduction may point us in the way of further discoveries concerning radioactivity. But nuclear batteries are not what we are about here. When Tesla described his “cosmic-ray” theory of radioactivity, he was allowing possibilities into the scenario which the academicians do not support or believe. One of these would be the fact that radioactive samples could be altered and limited from their “half-life,” a fact which both Gustav LeBon and Moray demonstrated repeatedly. This was accomplished by simply heating any sample to a good red heat, and watching the radioactivity drop to less than a third of its intensity.

Gustav LeBon described these findings repeatedly in his excellent texts, and he told of the varieties of changes which could be detected in the kinds of rays emitted thereafter. In fact, he took radium itself and reduced its radioactivity so far that a few days later were required before emissions were back up to level. All these phenomena make the academic claims of “immutable” radioactivity very suspicious. Perhaps certain groups, groups heavily invested in the radium and uranium markets do not want this data to become widely known.

Paul Brown’s great work on nuclear batteries would bring these moguls to their knees if sufficient numbers of foreign competitors in the global village could force the greedy into the old frontier. Such batteries have an output many times exceeding those of fission-plants, were their size taken in proportion.

Gustav LeBon mentioned that ordinary materials could be made into radioactive sources by simply exposing them to specific bands of ultraviolet light. Such effects were due to resonant breaking of materials under the specific dynamic absorbed aluminum into rays. A complete dissolution of the material would be transformed into usable energy, with no waste matter at all!

Dr. LeBon’s vision of Atomic energy was more sublime than the scientific personnel at Los Alamos ever dreamed of. What Dr. LeBon spoke of was the release of Intra-Atomic energy, energy of pure matter, into pure ether again. Such energy release would require either electrical triggering or ultra-violet triggerings at specific resonant frequencies. When once the process was initiated (under perfect control) it would release more energy than that of the trigger. Energy so released would result in the perfect conversion of material into ether directly.

The atomic energy of the archetypical visitor “Klaatu” (in the epic “The Day The Earth Stood Still”) spoke of such an atomic energy. In fact, the very props used in depicting the craft and its inner workings, are so “radionically emissive” that one wonders why few considered this idea in their own research. The vision of great discoverers can never be suppressed. Such extreme power radiates from their minds into those many others, sensitive and receptive enough to permute the original power. Another movie (“This Island Earth”) permutes the notions of Reich and Moray very splendidly. These permutations into art will be discussed elsewhere. Whenever the source of an effect is immeasurably quenched, then the resultant observation with detectable meters will result in a proportionate diminishment. What Dr. Moray discovered was not a nuclear battery effect. He was not using the radioactive material in its raw power of explosiveness to generate electricity. His discovery is sublime and glorious in every aspect, and represents a true leap into the unknown. If this is grasped and harnessed now, then we will have achieved our purpose herein.

Dr. Moray had discovered that radioactivity is variable. He discovered that, while using two or more detection apparatuses of the radioactive kind, a signal of very high voltage could be secured rather mysteriously. While searching for the answers to these strange phenomena, he studied Dr. LeBon’s texts rather deeply. In these he found the evidence that radioactivity was not a continuous immutable process at all.

Tesla had offered a reasonable argument for the bombardment theory of radioactivity. If radium was behaving as a simple target material for a very rare and powerful cosmic ray surging, then the saturating surges of these strange particles would have strong “breaks” within them. These would reveal themselves as pulses in any radium sample. No one had detected these “breaks” because radium is so powerful and copious a source of rays and particles. But the key was to examine two detectors, spaced at a distance.

Should we examine Dr. Moray’s schematics, we will find the two-detector coupling clearly drawn. What should occur whenever a “breakline” passes through the device and laboratory? If the breakline is fine enough, then even slight separation between the two detectors should suffice in releasing sudden powerful voltage surges. Why should this occur? We would conjecture that the source energy which produces radioactivity (being external and vast in potential) to cause such mutation, must possess huge potentials and differences of potential.

Should such a wave (in an infinitesimal fraction of time) pass across such a detector arrangement, then extremes of electrical stress will be caused to appear along the line. While the null-zone of this wave passes over the one detector, a deep and sudden drop would evince itself while the other detector would emit more particles into the line.

To re-emphasize our assertion: If Dr. Moray were using radium chloride in his valves, what were their function at all? The power of a nuclear battery is great, but the power Dr. Moray was using through these valves of his was transcendently more potent. Nikola Tesla’s belief in the bombardment theory of radioactivity left us with a second possibility when observing radioactivity.

If Tesla was correct, then fluxions within the bombarding source, those “cosmic rays” of his, would also create fluxions between two or more radioactive materials if measured through a distance. This is exactly what Dan Winter and his associate found. This is exactly what powers Dr. Moray’s devices. The so-called “cosmic rays” of Dr. Tesla are not those which Geiger tubes and any other detector may ever detect: they are transcendingly intense rays, of material virtually as fine as the ether itself.

In Prof. Lebon’s words these are “particles which have undergone such an advanced degree of disintegration that they are nearly etheric in state”. In Dr. Tesla’s words they are “particles not further decomposable”. In essence, we are discovering the very same thing. Should particles of this quasi-etheric nature (particles so rare and copious) pass through certain materials, should they not in fact alter them? Such alterations may never be detected by our own perceptions? Dr. Moray also delved into these studies with altered materials, and Jorge Resines has written an excellent treatise on this subject. But surges within these energies as waves power the Moray device.

What intrigues us now is the passage of these quasi-etheric particles. For if such particles are so fine, might they not actually coalesce and form a virtually “solid” pulsation across a very wide reach of the Vastness? Such tenuously marvelous wavings would pass directly through materials enharmonically, two very different parts of a single extended material might undergo variant strains under such passage. In fact, we are here discussing the transformation of the infinitesimal into the macroscopic. Such waves represent deeper fluxuals within that source of quasi-etheric particles.

Their group variations are detected with two or more separated devices, radioactive detectors, say. But what are these Blackwaves? What do they represent and where are they generated? Surely they must be much, much more than mere electrical stimulations within a cosmic gallery. This we maintain because of the very interactive manner in which we have perceived them directly as described. When I first experienced them I was immediately struck with the notion that these were the very waves which Dr. Moray was utilizing within his mysterious radiant energy device. Whenever these Blackwaves pass through a region there is great inspiration. Their natural passage is frequent enough, but we need to develop better actuators of this experience. In our researches we have determined various materials to be concentrators and strengtheners of these Blackwaves. We have also determined very specific geometries which enhance the experiencing of the waves in a most personal sense. It seems that horizontal slats of metal seem to best permit the direct viewing and participation within the revealed “envelope” of the Blackwaves. Any radiant source seems to strengthen their appearance. These include low-power incandescent bulbs, radio receivers, magnets, ferrites and even the intake of certain nutrients.

The direct experiencing of a visual display where sudden “ripples” begin in a watery manner to descend is a glorious sensation. Many of us have known these sensations on black wintery nights when the Blackwaves make their passage naturally. But we hold this experience so rare, so marvelous and so very powerful, that we wish to maintain their beneficial presence in concentrated form. We have realized that these Blackwaves hold a profound secret within their passages, they seem to be waves of external awarenesses. Whenever we experience them, we suddenly sense a total “meshing” with the External Vastness. This experience is so very potent, so utterly glorious in its ability to transform and strengthen outer-consciousness, that we desire it continuously, even in the daytime; even during the summer months when clarity seems lost in the misty heat. The strengthening of these species of energies, these “dynamidae,” is our aim.

To this end we have designed various devices which concentrate and focus the Black Ray energies in the various modes which will transform us into a clarified and “galactic” awareness. We believe that notables such as Tesla did realize the importance of developing such psychotronic appliances with an aim toward the pure use of new dynamidae. These waves pass right through materials ordinarily. When specific materials (radioactive in the academic sense) of suitable density and crystal structure (crystal symmetry) intercept them, then strains and alterations occur within these materials. This may explain “metal fatigue” and sudden chaotic events within a room. Persons of suitable sensitivity may actually sense these changes within their own bodies. Others may possess the ability of sensing these tensions between objects.

A simple personal experiment involves the use of two street lamps. Many such energies may be detected by the human organism alone. In particular, one may make use of the “wandering eye” phenomenon in order to detect Blackwave passage between the lamps. I have used this method in determining the telluric energies which saturate buildings and which discharge suddenly from them. These I will report in a future article.

In any event, we may allow our eyes and bodies to become detectors and participator elements within regional happenings. This is a natural source of wisdom; for the very message of these energies must be made personal and inward from the external. Glancing at two separate lamps, one often finds that the eyes are suddenly diverted from one to the other as if forcibly motivated by some naturally desired effort. The sensation is not unlike a very pleasant gliding sensation along a resistance-free path. The eyes then may suddenly shift back to the first lamp, as if the will was permitted to reassert its gaze.

These pulsations of the eyes and inner being reveal a new subjective means of determining “dowseable” energies. The human organism is a detector of these strains and tensions through space. My question remains; what is the source of these regional strains? What is the cause of the potential differences? If we study Dr. Moray’s schematics (Jorge Resines’ booklet on this complex secret is an excellent source of newer designs on the topic) we see not one detector, but two detectors coupled together. What would be the effect of a radioactive wave-passage through a room? Any material capable of revealing the tension would do so, these (in the personal energies) we have discussed.

What if the researcher were examining the electrical characteristics of a suitable circuit? Would that person necessarily discover sudden surges in the lines having no explanation for them? Would such a circuit as Dr. Moray’s detect sudden hugepotential changes in the transforming circuitry? Yes.

Why? Because the radioactivity of the radium chloride samples depends upon these sudden etheric-wave pulses which are penetrating our enclosures. These sources of the radioactivity would cause a phenomenon of sudden variation of the total radiant flux coming out of the samples. While these variations may not be detected in single detecting tubes (because of their possible brevity), they would result in huge, sudden events within a double-stage detector because of the deep potential difference across the lines.

Any charge source would then necessarily emit a burst of charge into the line at very high voltage. This is exactly what Dr. Moray had found. His discovery was that there do exist these regional wavings throughout Space. This made the use of a radioactive particle detector more than a mere nuclear battery. The energy contained in these Blackwaves is enormously powerful. It exceeds the output of the radioactive materials by several factors.

What we are using here is the potential difference of the Blackwave passage through the device, coupled with the radioactive material emissions within the line. The detector valves must necessarily be separate though not far apart. Should they be connected in parallel (which they are) then the resultant signal will be a heterodyned signal, capable of being further amplified through feedback circuits and stages.

The detector valves which contain the radium chloride serve merely as detectors of waves which (electrically) are rarely seen within the systems used in laboratories. Certain circuits have revealed sudden anomalous high voltage spikes, which may find their explanations in these considerations.

We may search throughout our memories in order to make correlations with this new information. We need to determine the specific places and structures which may make use of Blackwaves and the potential differences which are vast along their surfaces. We need to determine their periodicity, and this would necessarily begin at Dr. Moray’s determinations. He placed these within the gamma-ray bands, but did not imply that the energies were gamma-rays proper. These Blackwaves are longitudinal waves which ripple through all materials in a “solid” manner, they behave as if they were large surfaces having macrostructures of the order perhaps of a solar system in their length.

Neither must they proceed in perfect sharp processions. They may proceed in a rippling, nearly tenuous, gossamer-like pattern. Shifting to and fro as they drift, these may behave more like fabric than rigid steel. Their visual experience, if in fact they are the same phenomenon, seems to indicate tremendously potent interactive ability. Their function in our own experiencing and mentation patterns cannot be under estimated. They seem to carry with them every aspect of a wondrous, beauteous structuring. They seem to bring in a “crystalliq” elegance whenever powerfully experienced.

I must mention that the effects of these Blackwaves within electrical circuits seems to be the very least functional capability of these strange messengers through the Vastnesses. The etheric theoretics of our last century had visualized such things as these waves. Perhaps we have not really appreciated their true example and integrity because of all the later hostilities aimed at their protagonists. But, we ask, can all experiences be measured and relegated to the inertial view of the Vastness? The very great wisdom had by certain ancient philosophers exceeds all inert consideration. Aristotle spoke of “atoms of qualities” which we must consider. Whenever I see the Blackwaves in their passages through my experience, I know that our ancestors were indeed, closer to the true nature of the Experience we share than their modern “enlightened” counterparts. Consideration of qualities will lead us out of inertia. These Blackwaves are very minute in pulse length. They are not electrical in nature. They are longitudinal in nature. They occur in “naturally anticipated” pulses, they are not clock-perfect in their appearances.

Dr. Moray’s devices make use of special circuitry which accommodates these many characteristics as he discovered them. The potentials cause extremely great voltages to suddenly appear and disappear. Radioactivity seems to be the best detector of these energies which are not themselves radioactivity proper. The heterodyned signal of electrical charge carriers is the power in Dr. Moray’s devices. This is the selfstrengthening energy in his circuits.

The tremendous surge between two detectors as a result of the passage of a Blackwave through the apparatus is simple to comprehend. The temporary cessation of radioactivity in the one sample will result in a huge sudden surge of charge into the deeply neutral Blackwave core between samples. These would be experienced as strong high frequency sparks. This is precisely what Dr. Moray and the others who observed his device did notice repeatedly.

What the Blackwave line represents is a region of mysterious nullifications and intensifications. Either edge along the processional of these “solid” waves generates regions of intense energy. These zones cause what we observe in certain substances: radioactivity. In truth, all materials are radioactive. Dr. LeBon showed this truth in many various ways experimentally, and described them in his texts (“The Evolution of Matter”, “The Evolution of Force”, and “The Evolution of Energy And Matter”).

What he and Tesla claimed was that different materials dissociate into ether through a series of natural transformations. This they do in steps, and manifest these changes by the showers of particulate and wavelike emissions until this total transformation has occurred. All substances were equally radioactive, but certain substances seemed to evidence specific detectable particles in greater rapidity. Whereas radium was a very active element in this dissociating process, aluminum was equally as radioactive under the proper conditions.

Dr. LeBon revealed certain conditions where zinc and aluminum released far more radioactivity than radium itself. This knowledge leads directly into the study of Radionics, and must include all rays dowseable as well. Wherever the Blackwaves sweep across radioactive materials the particle power-zones appear. While these may be too short and infrequent of interval to commonly detect, a pair of detectors spaced a distance apart and connected in parallel will evidence a singularly powerful high-frequency heterodyned signal.

We invite all experimenters to attempt reproduction of these paths into the legendary; for surely there awaits the venturers a glorious prize in this noble quest and calling.

Related articles:

1. Effects of 6-10 Hz ELF on Brain Waves
2. Review: “The Evolution of Forces”, “The Evolution of Matter”
3. An Introduction to the Mysteries of Ground Radio

THE EXPERIMENTS WHICH WILL HERE BE DESCRIBED ARE NOT IN THEMSELVES DANGEROUS. THERE IS DANGER FOR THOSE WHO DO NOT TAKE ORDINARY PRECAUTIONS WHEN USING AC POWERED RADIOS.

ANY WORK PERFORMED ON SUCH RADIOS DEMANDS DISCONNECTION FROM THE MAINS DURING ALL PREPARATORY PHASES OF THESE EXPERIMENTS. NEVER CONNECT WIRES TO ANY RADIO WHICH HAS BEEN LEFT OPERATING. HAZARDOUS SHOCK CAN RESULT. DO NOT UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES PERFORM THESE EXPERIMENTS DURING A STORM! GROUND ANTENNAS ARE DIRECT CONNECTIONS TO EARTH. WE SUGGEST YOU TAKE PRECAUTION BY OBTAINING AN INEXPENSIVE LIGHTNING ARRESTER FROM LOCAL RADIO MARKETS.

THE historical essay on Ground Antennas is only a preliminary bibliography, a foundation upon which to place our empirical confidence. It is through the agency of just such articles and patents that an archane world model finds its most complete explanation. The inherent wonder of signals detected by ground-connected shortwave receivers is their ability to receive signals with greater strength and clarity than conventional aerials, and to reveal the bioactivity of subterranean propagation. Beyond their use as audio “capture systems”, such shortwave receivers display other more intriguing characteristics which lead our attentions up toward a technology of the sublime. With the shortwave receiver as a radionic tuning instrument, an interface which captures and converts geomantic dynamics into audio signals, we have made several astounding observations.

Recall that when shortwave radio receivers were employed as peculiar detectors of geomantic energy, additional unexpected phenomena began to flood the relevant literature. Close inspection reveals that both “ground radio” and “ground antennas” are the components of Radionic phenomena, and are completely dependent on Radionic principles for their astounding and otherwise anomalous performance. Explorations of the interactions between radiosignals and geomantic energies require very simple equipment. Geomantic energy is biodynamic, and actively modifies and augments radiosignal carriers. This presentation will focus primarily on the more qualitative aspects obtained through the use of ground-buried aerial designs, although it will certainly follow that stringent quantitative measurements will be both secured and reported.

This basic preliminary experiment with the simplest ground aerial teaches the biological growth characteristic of signals received through the ground. Indeed, the implementation of a simple ground pipe in place of an aerial, also converts the shortwave receiver into a diagnostic tool. We may, by merely sweeping the receiver dial, probe and “view” the biodynamic conditions prevalent in the ground. Despite the great variety of ground aerial designs, we observe a consistent signature of the ground densified biodynamic energies.

EXPERIMENT WITH A COPPER GROUND PIPE

(G. Vassilatos)

Please observe the precautionary notes placed at the beginning of this article! When you have, try a simple experiment for yourself. Obtain a short (2 feet) section of copper pipe from any hardware store. Make a small cut into the top of this with a hacksaw. The cut is made so that you may twist into it a secure wire lead. Although the placement of the pipe is most important for many radionic experiments, you will not be required to select the most potent spot. While there are those whose qualitative sensitivities permit such a direct location of highly “active” ground locations, there are more quantitative methods to assist in this necessary survey. If you wish to conduct your experiments outdoors, you will need appropriate portable radios and the like. In this case, you will more readily discover the phenomena which we will mention. Plants are great indicators for determining the right placement of ground antennas and earth batteries — as they are also great indicators of subsurface mineral content.

If you wish to establish the very best point, find a place where dark green vegetation thrives. Empirical explorations will serve you best. While desertified plots of earth generally reveal the absence of easily accessible ground currents, you will discover an amazing phenomenon in such a location. Wait until the ground is soft. I usually wait until after a good rainfall before driving my experimental antennas down, having selected a very verdant garden strip just below my office window. You will need an available window, if you wish to maintain the arrangement with the radio indoors. Wire will be run from your receiver to the ground antenna, so it is imperative that your window coincide with the ground point which you have selected.

Wear gloves when performing this portion of the experiment. Using a small sledge, carefully drive in a 2 foot long copper pipe. The pipe you choose can be much longer according to your local needs. I left a 4 inch section above ground for the hookup. Obtain a sufficient length of coaxial cable (RG 58 works fine) to establish a lead between the pipe and your radio receiver. If long enough, an old straight electric guitar cable will do. I clipped off both phono plugs and used the center conductor for my experiments. Neatly trim away the outer shielding with rubber tape. First connect the center lead directly to the “aerial” terminal of your receiver. If your receiver has only an external antenna, connect the ground lead directly to this antenna. Now carefully drop this wire from your window to the ground antenna. Close the window to hold the line, and go outside to establish your connection.

OBSERVATION 1

The line will instantly be flooded with ground currents, very high potentials which will not cause “shock”, but which may over-excite your system. Take care not to handle these lines for too long a time without rubber gloves. The line from ground may appear “dead” to all appearance, but it is a source of powerful vitalistic effects which can cause fatigue and other congestive sensations. Once attached to your receiver, leave the wire alone. The ground currents may be applied to any kind of receiver. I successfully received television signals with a ground antenna, obtaining surprisingly clarified signals on most of the shorter wave channels (7 through UHF) without any other aerial. Ground antennas are very useful for those who live in mountain-bound locations, where television reception is distorted or even absent.

I first connected the lead wire from ground to a small shortwave receiver, a Hammerlund 38-S, which was acquired at an amateur radio sale. The simple ground pipe brought in a surprising wealth of very strong signals. When you first hear these signals for yourself, you must take time to realize that the original radio theory “prohibited” all such possibility. Straight connection to ground was theoretically considered an impossibility, being the “neutralization” of signals received through the aerial wave route. It was precisely because of these observations that the original theoretical model, which spoke only of “radio skywaves”, was first modified to accommodate the obvious ground wave activity. Once dogmatically fixed, radio theory required continual “a posteriori” modifications: modifications from the empirical world. Now you will begin to observe and appreciate numerous empirical effects which are yet considered “impossible”. With your small system, you will literally peer into the subterranean world, where bioactivities are in persistent dynamic exchange.

OBSERVATION 2

The first such effect has to do with the “response” characteristics of ground currents. Tune to one of your stronger stations. While listening, momentarily disconnect the ground wire. Notice the sudden drop in volume and signal integrity. How long did this volume diminution occur? Now reconnect the lead, while paying close attention to the sound quality over time. How long did the signal require in order to reach its original volume? I have repeatedly observed that the disconnection volume drop is rather instantaneous. But the reconnection volume requires a much longer time, some 40 seconds in certain cases. The slow restoration effect sometimes occurs in a discontinuous fashion, first rising slowly (20 seconds), and then very suddenly (3 seconds). The volume increase in this manner can be both unexpected and surprising, often reaching volume levels which actually exceed their original states.

You will find that every local change in proximity to the circuitry of your simple system will provoke the “restoration response”. Signals seem to lag each change which has been applied to the system. The adjustment of the ground antenna will provoke the response, a slow rise in volume occurring perhaps in 35 seconds after an adjustment has been made. As with the response of living things, the ground receiving receiver behaves as a quasi-biological entity; a poignant and astonishing glimpse of Biodynamic behavior. Bio-organisms do not behave in the manner of digital switches. But once signals have been impacted by any electrical expression, ground received signals will execute an exaggerated restoration. This exaggerated response will be observed with every local electrical disturbance. The mere activation of an appliance or lamp will evoke the rapid diminution of any signal. But the restoration phase can gradually increase in volume until it overwhelms the listener, reaching excessive volumes. This response is more than “withdrawal and restoration”. Its effects can persist long after the impact has occurred. Proper placement of the ground antenna absolutely determines this magnification effect, an observation made throughout the last Century.

Provided the ground “antenna” has been accurately placed in an “active spot”, the effect most notably occurs with any electrostatic discharge. The first response is for the signal to “shrink”, or “withdraw”. The ground signal gradually reemerges in strength, but continues expanding beyond its normal volume, “flaring” into distorted brilliance before settling down to its normal volume. This amplification effect is not to be confused with the commonly observed shortwave “fading” effect, and is the direct result of disturbances which have occurred in proximity to the system. These brilliant audio “flares” can persist for upwards of ten seconds after the disturbance has passed, followed by a very gradual decrease in volume to the original signal strength. The flaring response was artificially arranged and used in a great number of post-Victorian devices.

This biodynamic response was used to magnify vital energies, and was evoked by Turn of the Century systems through the use of pulsed electrical disturbances. The highly intensified quasi-electrical potentials, subsequently obtained, were used to cure illness and light lamps. In other appropriate instruments, such resultant currents were used to fulfill a variety of other experimental functions. With the requisite proper location of the ground terminal, the effect was deliberately applied to the ground currents themselves (Tesla) and to human patients (Abrams). While the results were often spectacular to the senses, the latent effects were seldom addressed.

We concur with those select Radionists, who condemned the electrostimulation of ground and vital currents as an inferior methodology. Such methods may provide intriguing solutions to the need for electrical power, but as that is a degenerate technology in its own right, we have sought other means by which to fulfill the utilitarian needs of humanity. The electrostimulation methods provoke natural rage on an unappreciated scale, with effects not recognized by all but the most astute observers. It is a means of which we also highly disapprove. There are indeed better and more naturally acceptable means by which to evoke the growth and magnification response in ground currents. One may romance the favors of Nature without the methods which deliberately enrage her furious wrath.

OBSERVATION 3

There are other effects one notices, especially when tuning faint stations with ground antennas. It seems that tuned stations actually become stronger in the act of being heard, a bizarre effect requiring fine order readjustments. Indeed, continued reception of faint stations evidence definite auto-magnification effects. Obtained only through the use of analogue (variable capacity) tuning systems, the tuning process seemingly magnifies the strength of any faintly received signal. One may thus begin with a signal “granule”, and end with a booming volume. Such entuned signal growth only occurs with continued attentive reception, a remarkable phenomenon in which receivers literally draw and automagnify signals on demand of the listening site. This strange connective “supply-response” function does not occur without human agency however. In absence of the human “recipient”, no such amplification occurs, a curiosity which will find numerous skeptics and critics. But try the experiment for yourself.

Tune a weak station and leave the room. The signal fades away. Walk in again and quickly tune the signal. Walk away once more. The signal fades. Once more, tune the signal and walk back from the receiver. With very minor waverings, the signal strength will remain unchanged…until you walk directly before the receiver. Stay this time. Tune the signal and wait. You will literally hear the signal gradually rising in volume. The faint signal will gradually, almost perceptibly, grow in strength for you as you remain in the room. Now tune the signal carefully, rocking the dial to the left or right of center. Each readjustment raises the signal strength, until the volume is strong. Periodic minor adjustments will reveal a remarkable volume magnification, one which can reach enormous and fixed volume levels. This observation takes time and patience. With such patience, one can thus literally obtain a “signal bonfire” from a “signal spark”. We have observed a signal increase while attentions are being focussed on the signal, with a subsequent complete fade back to faintness after the recipients have been removed.

Why can you tune such a weak station, periodically making “fine adjustments”, and obtain a signal magnification? Tuning a weak signal through a ground antenna, and then observing the manner in which that signal actually “grows” in strength for a human recipient, is a demonstration of radionic significance. The same has been observed when radionic currents are selected through tuning instruments, and allowed to stimulate a biomonitored plant. The results are always the same, plant responses indicating the gradual increase of radionic current strength. Unlike aerial currents, ground signals are more intensely radionic in nature. They actively seek to infuse appropriate bio-organismic “capacities”. Ground currents enter the receiver and are there entuned. The receiving circuit projects an infusive and thready auric radiance which floods the listening space until its natural saturation has been reached.

Those who are in the listening space add an additional absorptivity, a capacity to allow a continued projection of auric emanations. This continued projectivity into proximal recipients produces several characteristic attributes. Recipients who possess an innate desire, an emotional response for the signals, produce sudden surges in the reception strength. When attention is strongly focussed on some faint signal, then it will grow. The ground emerging signals will therefore intensify for you and those with you in a room, pouring into the listening space and being thus articulated among human “capacities”. As radio signals are loaded with the articulation of human attention, the signal will grow more rapidly. It has recently been observed that the very same signal, when later left unattended, will fade back into the crashing background. Desirous attempts made to relocate and raise the same signal are not unsuccessful. The absence of appropriate numbers in the human recipients will modify the rapidity of signal growth. The humanly guided tuning process which engages such signals actually entunes the recipients in a radionic manner.

The refinement and entunement of such signals are very obviously a radionic phenomenon of the deepest significance. Entuned magnification effects are therefore radionic entunement effects, the magnification of human articulations by human recipients. Neither electrical nor radio currents possess the articulate nature capable of exhibiting such a detailed biodynamic function. We have previously demonstrated this phenomenon with biomonitored plants, an effect which experimenters may easily reproduce. The implications of this strange effect are enormous for the theoretician. They compel the examination of every notion of radiosignal causality. The only researcher who has treated this effect is Eric Dollard, whose excellent work describes “energy reciprocation” between Tesla impulse transmitters and receivers.

The fact that signals may be drawn from ground on human demand, and automagnified by human presence, should provoke heated debate. How can one explain the veritable control of a distant transmitter by a small receiver? In a biodynamic sense, we are not required to address distant transmitters, since ground currents automagnify with regularity. The additional energy which feeds radionically entuned and capacity-demanded ground signals is sourced within the great subterranean depths.

OBSERVATION 4

You will notice that, soon after you have first introduced the pipe into the ground, your first received stations will begin to “grow” in strength. This effect will continue for days, growing in increments of strength and clarity. Fixed volumes begin to reach levelled states in 2 or 3 days, a growth process uncommon with aerial signals. But beyond the signal growth of the strong stations, one begins observing the gradual increase in station numbers with time. Your initially strong stations, those which grew in the course of 3 days, will now become interspersed by a great population of faint signals. This “background” population will then increase in magnitude and clarity until your sweep dial is filled with an immense “crackling”. By day 4 or 5 with this arrangement, my sweep dial was literally covered with the continual “crackle” of new signals.

Sweeping the dial will thus continually bring in tiny signal “granules” between the stronger signals, those which normally mask these almost imperceptible stations. The gradual appearance of new stations, and the gradual “arrival” of a great many minor signals, begins manifesting with time. The buried pipe becomes a “receptive site”, into which the upwelling currents actively pour. These effects were rediscovered when buried metals began producing their characteristic “tone signatures”. A singularly fascinating study, we found that each buried metal literally became “saturated” with ground currents. This saturation process also required a gradual period of time (Earth Tones audio tape, BSRF).

Because of the slow growth process, where stations grow in both strength and number with time, one must eventually secure a larger “capacity” receiver. One learns that shortwave radionic applications need specific and well designed receivers — of the vacuum tube type or germanium transistor variety. Many of the newer digital models are insufficient. Through a gradual familiarity with numerous models, each experimenter will settle upon the use of one or two particular favorites. Mr. William Lehr rebuilt a Zenith Trans-Oceanic for me. It is a receiver which I cherish, not only because of its wonderful “warm” tone and excellent operation with the ground antenna, but because he rebuilt it for me personally. The popular set is equipped with small screw terminals, one for the normal onboard telescoping antenna, and the other for a ground wire. I disengaged the onboard telescoping antenna, connecting its internal lead wire instead to the ground screw. The ground antenna was then connected to the aerial screw.

In this reversal, the receiver recognizes the ground antenna as the “aerial”, while the collapsible onboard antenna is recognized as the “ground”. This “inversion” of radio inputs more effectively works the shortwave capacity in absorbing ground emerging signals, the collapsible aerial becoming a miniature “counterpoise” ground. A great many separate phenomena are noted with this arrangement, one pioneered by Nikola Tesla and (most recently) explored in greatest depth by Mr. Eric Dollard. Touching the telescoping “ground” causes the complete eradication of signal strengths across the dial, the withdrawal of this touch causing the characteristic slow return to original volume. One discovers now the necessity of adjusting the telescopic “ground” with each tuned station, a means by which increased “room capacity” is achieved. The telescopic “ground” facilitates an increased connectivity within the volume of space surrounding the receiver.

OBSERVATION 5

With persistent saturation, your ground pipe antenna will continue producing a surprising proliferation of signals. In this growing manner, signals kept appearing from greater and greater distances. Understand that the reception of foreign signals through the ground matrix is completely different from that which presupposes the downward “skybeaming” of signals. With ground reception there is no “skipping”. Ground reception is the result of direct contact conduction. Signals have to travel from their sources to you…in straight lines! You may therefore understand that the most weak and distant stations, those innumerable transmitters which lie in the “geography between” yourself and certain strong foreign stations, will begin to make their appearance. A slow growth period will prove this effect to you.

But the loss of signal population, when the pipe is retracted for a few minutes, cannot be comprehended unless we further examine the “signal accretion” phenomenon. The acquisition of new stations into a ground antenna occurs throughout the day, regardless of the weather or time. The Radionists who studied these phenomena recognized that ground emerging signals actively seek out both ground-proximal metals as well as those which are actually buried. Ground currents can rise to the surface when metal probes are simply aimed toward the ground. It has been observed that the mere positioning of a blunt-ended cable over ground is sufficient to cause an upward flow of ground currents, a reception of signals being obtained (Theroux).

The process is one by which ground currents literally “attach” themselves to the downward pointing conductor, entwining and fixating themselves through time. If this is true for conductors which merely point into earth, the same is especially true of metalloforms which have been buried. The upwelling emergence of ground currents is the result of the pipe itself, a response to a metal body which has been buried near the surface. The ground antenna behaves as a very definitive metallic “attractor”. Driven down into a few feet of earth, metal structures literally attract ground currents from their deeply consigned pathways upward. The process of attraction and accretion requires time. This explains why signal strengths begin to grow when buried terminals are first buried, continuing until the pipe and receiver have reached their capacity to absorb.

The withdrawal of signals, after the pipe has been momentarily disturbed, is problematic from every electrical point of view. What principle can be cited in explanation of this remarkable signal disappearing act? What causes the signals to “shrink away” from the ground terminal when its growing potential has been disturbed for a few moments of inspection? This “disengagement phenomenon”, the striking disappearance of signals, compels the recognition of an “irritability” factor when dealing with ground currents. Irritability is a biological characteristic not present in electrical currents. What have these signals to do with biological activities? Wishing to address those skeptics who cannot accept this energetic growth characteristic in grounded terminals, I pulled up the pipe to better inspect its surface. Fully expecting to find the metal “pitted” in thousands of tiny corrosion points”, the probable points in which the innumerable signals appeared, I was not a small bit shocked to find the pipe in excellent condition. There was not a bit of visible corrosion, certainly no pitting or scarring in the otherwise brilliant sheen which it had when I pounded it down into the earth. But the mystery did not stop there.

I placed the pipe back into a new location, adjacent to its original ground chamber. Thus driven down to the exact depth as it had been before, I went inside to listen once again. All but the strongest signals had disappeared. Obviously, the multiplication of signals is not the result of corrosion, not the result of continued ground “electrolysis”. While “pitting” the pipe exterior with innumerable exposures will increase the effective conductive surface of any pipe to an amazing degree, such corrosion will play little part in the actual increase of signal receptivity. In fact, neither ground antennas nor earth batteries corrode; a perplexing fact which we have rediscovered long after Nathan Stubblefield made its first mentioned.

OBSERVATION 6

Deep fades are never heard with ground antennas, but one does observe sudden “sweeps” which indicate strange and instantaneous ground disturbances. These do not disturb station reception, certainly not distorting or destabilizing the actual signals being received. Using ground antennas, only a very slow wavering is sometimes observed. These exceedingly slow waverings occur with no clocklike regularity, suggesting that true biological pulsations are being observed. Such exhibitions were once referred to me by Dan Winter as the deep earth “tides”, meaning by this that the biodynamic currents clearly engage in native pulsations. Since we have never glimpsed those currents of enormous vital potential, those “dragons” which normally reside deep in the heart of earth. These currents are definitely modified by influences in outer space, rising toward the surface during certain seasons, and diving back down to their mysterious haunts once again.

During sun-transitional hours, ground received SW signals do not appear to be “geodesically” selected. In other words, one does not receive a complete “global sweep” of signals, from nation to nation. The “sweep” may display continuity across a large region of ground, a cluster of neighboring nations being heard in sequence, but each region is not received with continuity. One discovers that whole regions of the earth suddenly emerge from the SW background and literally predominate the reception field.

Selectivity of signals through the ground occurs as if whole regions of the world have been “switched” on and off — independant of station schedules. Directly and most strongly related to lunar phase, one observes the sudden emergence of whole regional group signals which take preeminence over all others. One can tell the portion of a lunar month by these strange regional “fluorescences”, an amazingly repetitive pattern. In Staten Island, ground radiosignals follow a mysterious pattern of arrivals. Modulated by the moon, signals from Canada (New), Northern Europe (First Quarter), South America (Full), the Mediterranean (Last Quarter) will predominate across the available broadcast bands.

EXPERIMENT WITH the “Subantenna” coil

(M. Theroux)

The “Subantenna” coil will require a bit more work on the part of the experimenter to construct, but is a worthy undertaking as we can see from the ad that this design was a commercial success. It has also proven itself over and above simple grounded rods, to be a highly sensitive receiver when properly placed in the ground. Its construction is actually quite simple. You will need roughly 30 feet of RG 58 coaxial cable, one roll of black electrical tape, one alligator clip, a pair of scissors, and a pair of wire strippers. The “Subantenna” coil, when finished will be about 4-5 inches tall and 6 inches in diameter. Start by cutting the wire into two sections — one 16 feet long for the coil — the remaining 14 feet will be used for connection to your radio. Begin winding the first turn of the coil (using the 16 ft. section) so that it is exactly 6 inches in diameter. No coil form is necessary with this method — as you add each successive turn, you will be taping the turns together in three evenly separated places. Add another turn and tape. By the time you are finished, you will have about ten full turns. Cover the bottom bare end of the coax wire with tape. You should have about 6 inches of free wire at the top of your coil. Strip away about 1 inch from this end exposing the middle conductor wire. This solid wire is the “connection point” for the lead wire to your external antenna jack on your shortwave or AM radio. Cut away the excess shielding so that it is flush with the insulation. You are now ready to bury the “Subantenna” coil. Choose a spot of soft ground free from hazard, and bury the coil (be sure your “connection point” is sticking above ground or you’ll be digging it up again). Fasten the alligator clip to one end of the remaining 14 ft. piece of coax, clipping this onto the exposed middle conductor of the coil. You can now run this wire to your radio, fastening it to the external antenna terminal. If there is a specific jack for the external antenna, you may need to match it with the proper plug.

Observations

Initially, one will notice a substantial increase in reception. The most intriguing aspect of the Subantenna, or any grounded aerial, is its ability to cause signals to grow in intensity over a period of a time. After a few days one will be able to hear signals with increased clarity and depth. One of the most important features of this ground antenna is its static free reception. You will note that the conductor in the coil is insulated from the actual earth itself — conductivity plays no role in the function of this design. While the Subantenna coil filters static and brings in signals with extreme distinctness, there are drawbacks. One may notice after the coil has had sufficient time to become saturated with ground currents, reception of signals becomes so powerful that stations normally considered far enough apart, will “bleed over” onto one another. I have experienced five distinct stations hundreds of miles apart, pouring through the radio on one frequency at the same time. This can be a problem with weaker local stations being absorbed by more powerful distant stations, but generally the 50,000 watt AM stations ring through clearly. Only on given nights does this bleed over occur.

The warmth, clarity, response, and strength of such grounded radio systems are testimony enough. Coupled with the empirical reports and logs previously mentioned, plenty of proof is provided that, in many instances (especially concerning eidetic content), ground radio is a superior form of reception over Hertzian receivers. Curiously enough, we have seen many return to their antennas after having experienced radio through the ground. While no explanation is given, we assume they may need to hold on to the belief that radio only flies on waves through the air — all the while listening to the crackle, hiss, and fade of their favorite station.

Related articles:

1. An Introduction to the Mysteries of Ground Radio
2. The Wireless of Nathan B. Stubblefield
3. Hearing Through Wires: The Physiophony of Antonio Meucci

GROUND Radio is a subject which has remained on the periphery of engineering discussions for decades. It has maintained its elusive and mysterious poise because of fundamental anomalies observed when its methods are utilized, anomalies which manifest when signals are both transmitted and received directly through the ground. The inability to adequately address the associated anomalies has produced a remarkable impasse among conventional engineers. Many highly qualified such persons are quite sure that the Ground Radio phenomenon is adequately explained through classic theoretical propagation models. Experimental findings however, have brought to our attention several anomalous features of this form of Radio propagation.

Only an extensive and deliberated exploration of Ground Radio will prove our several discoveries in the art. Rudimentary and inexpensive in requirement, experiments with Ground Radio provide an endless source of anomalies. Experimental investigations of these methods may begin with as little equipment as a shortwave receiver, a copper pipe, and a length of wire. The rest remains in the strangely lost art of interpretation. The accurate interpretation of the findings derived through such experimentation requires familiarity with the pertinent bibliography. We hope that the reader is encouraged to duplicate and surpass these methods, as those who do so will not be without their due reward. The discovery of new and unfamiliar phenomena can be yours… when you take the first step.

TELLURIC CURRENTS

The metaphysical earth currents were both observed and described in great detail by Fr. Athanasius Kircher. His writings preserve an ancient knowledge which concerned itself wholly with the vitality of the earth. The metaphysical telluric currents were known to permeate the world, the energies which mediating vitality. Maps of telluric currents were the prized possessions of geomancers, permitting the knowledge of vitality control on earth. It is said that wars were fought by the selective elimination or exaltation of specific veinworks in the telluric circulatory system. The science of Geomancy thus formed the mysterious historical backdrop against which a wide variety of natural observations were subsequently made.

With time, the experiential appreciation for the metaphysical earth energies was systematically lost. The more qualified scientific observers replaced their sensitive experience of telluric energies with a merely superficial observation of geoelectric currents. This schism has provoked the controversial thesis upon which our present discussion is therefore based. While some will be defiantly confident that experiential telluric energies are resolved into geoelectrical currents, we remain just as adamant in our absolute conviction that the experiential telluric energies precede and define the observed geoelectric patterns. This schism has not, and will never be resolved. So long as there are those who insist on observing the superficialities of natural phenomenon, completely obsessed with the kinematics of otherwise experience-filled phenomena, there will be a scientific conflict.

The filtration of highly selected portions of natural phenomena characterizes contemporary quantitative science. Until the scientific community becomes willing to admit the greater part of their experience, all considerations of natural phenomena will remain for them a blank wall of intensities and numerical values. Ancient Science connected its pursuants with an experience, one gained through direct physiological contact with the telluric currents themselves. It is in the active contact with these ground-derived currents alone that we recognize the true and fundamental continuum in which our world is set, an expansive experience by which we access and learn the ancient arcanum.

The discovery that various signal species could be both transmitted and received directly through grounded terminals, forms the fascinating subject matter of a largely forgotten historical record. In this regards, we find a technical bibliography replete with remarkable instances of early successful experimentation in the art of drawing power and signals directly from the ground. Completely ignoring the fact that a large bibliography of anomalies had been compiled by research predecessors, engineers of the time developed communications systems which relied entirely on electrical currents. As a carrier of code and voice, electricity was “reliable”. But with increasing engineering emphasis on electricity and electrical technology, the subject of geomantic energies was driven into forgetfulness. Thereafter, those who confused geomantic energy with electrostatic effects were the cause of the numerous controversies by which Late Victorian Science is characterized; endless confusions in terms and identifications.

When the subject of long-distance communications was compelled to shift thematic emphasis away from the vitalistic foundations, it lost touch with an energy which did not cease exerting strong influences on the developing electrical technology of the time period. Only a few, now legendary researchers, continued the geomantic tradition. From the very first moment in which ground connections were established in a telegraphic signalling line, inventors and operators of electrical systems noticed anomalous energetic behaviors in the ground. The very first attempts at long distance telegraphy involved the burial of highly insulated double lines (Morse and Vail). Upon first closure of the telegraph key, the signalling components became so thoroughly suffused with charge that the exchange of signals became an impossibility.

In truth, the art of wired and wireless communication began in a reawakened appreciation of geomancy and geomantic energies. This remarkable reminder came about with the replacement of the original 2-wire telegraph line (Reusser, 1794) by the 1-wire method (Aldini, 1803), the latter requiring far less wire and several ground plate terminations. The telegraph stations of Morse used grounded plates, a means by which engineers imagined the “necessary return current…through the ground”. Wired code on a single overhead wire was thus “matched” by an opposed ground return of charge, a condition which fulfilled the prevalent model of electrical closure.

GEOMANTIC INCURSIVES

As none of these researchers actually measured the elusive “ground current”, many engaged an imaginative freeplay in the artistic description of the same. Several patent drawings reveal a curiously geomantic flair, the meandering “return currents” flowing over land and stream to their terminals. Here we find remarkable evidence that these inventors were in fact engaging in a form of geomantic vision, describing an entirely different and more agile energy species than electrical current (Farmer, Ader, Frow). Toward the peak successful operation of telegraph and telephone systems, the proper placement of terminal plates was an absolute requirement. As this art demanded special ability, the first telegraph linesmen used the methods familiar to dowsers. The very placement of ground plates, poles, and junction boxes was, for these linesmen, completely predicated on the strong presence of upwelling energies from the earth. Empirical evidence proved these methods superior to “resistance surveying” in the placement of station plates and other components.

Telegraph lines so constructed were possessed of a noumenous and suffusive quality. Natural geomancers had provided the means. Here was evidence that another energetic stratum was governing the development and limiting the establishment of long-distance electrical communications systems. The subjective experience of linesmen was ample indication that such a mysterious energy stratum was indeed present and active. Thus, the invasive energy demonstrated its ability to enforce certain restrictions on the establishment and operation of Telegraphy and Telephonic systems. The communications technology, which engineers imagined to be completely independent of natural agency, was being subverted by an everpresent geomantic influence.

Besides the obvious geomantic incursions, those which influenced the decisions of workmen and designers, the energetic presence made itself known in several other ways. Power literally appeared “from the ground” in many stations, a condition which Alfred Vail reported (1839). He found it necessary to progressively remove batteries from the first long-distance telegraph line, reporting this remarkable manifestation of energy to his elder partner, Samuel Morse. Lines operated on an energy which exceeded the battery supply, and ground-connective communications systems were especially prone to bizarre energy manifestations.

Hoping to save the finance of excessive wire line, many telegraph systems implemented the discovery that code could easily “pass through water”. To this end, engineers experimented with the use of widely separated groundplates, a means which proved strangely successful. Experiments with ground-conduction established telegraphic contact through an isthmus (Morse, 1842), through streams (Vail, 1843), wide rivers (Lindsay, 1843), canals (Highton, 1852), across a bay (Meucci, 1846), through the earth (Stubblefield, 1872), and between distant islands (Preece, 1880). An accidental discovery proved that one longline system continued operating with great strength of signal, despite the fact that the line had been literally broken in several places. The realization that code signals could actually enter and traverse the ground for several hundred yards, and then reenter a grounded line, triggered a new revolution.

Thereafter, combined wired and wireless links formed the greater portion of telegraph exchanges across the miles of North American countryside. Ground plates launched code signals into predetermined land tracts and waterways, signals being conveyed along specific subterranean routes. Signals passed “into and through the ground” to each next ground plate of a series. When reentering the next groundplate, signals continued through the overhead lines to their appointed destinations. Stations received very strong signals in this method, signals with great clarity and force. Here were the early beginnings of the conduction wireless methods, and relied on the mysterious nature of ground conduction and ground energy for their successful operation.

It was clear to linesmen and operators that the signal energy could not possibly be maintained over such long ground and water conduction paths without amplification. Some external agency was somehow augmenting and modifying the applied signal impulses. The anomalous functioning of these largescale regional signalling systems proved again that the geomantic agency was literally wending its way through the line networks. Not every such line operated in this manner, the geomantic currents selecting very specific paths for its operation. This topographic selectivity hailed attention back to the maps once treasured by geomancers. The augmentation of applied electrical energy was obvious. These specially placed telegraph and telephone lines operated for years without batteries at all. Station operators took this phenomenon for granted. Despite the “long dead and corroded Edison Cells”, telegraph station operators continued the powerful exchange of “fat blue and sparking” signals for decades (Lehr).

Other researchers corroborated the fact that usable amounts of current could actually be derived from the ground, currents whose powerful displays permitted the elimination of battery cups and generators. The failure of all reductive electrical models to satisfactorily address these energetic characteristics became especially evident with the development of the “earth batteries”, an outgrowth of these telegraphic observations (Bain, 1849). These simple material composites, made to be buried in earth, produced currents not explained through electrolytic action. Small buried earth batteries developed sufficient power to charge storage batteries. They were also employed to provide telegraphic (Bryan, Cerpaux, Dieckmann, Jacques, Bear), and later telephonic systems (Stubblefield, Strong, Brown, Tomkins, Lockwood) with uninterrupted operating power. Neither decomposing nor failing with months of buried use, the mysterious earth batteries contain an essential mystery which electrodynamic models cannot adequately explain.

Those who doubt these facts may attempt the simplest of experiments. Place two identical copper rods into the ground however distant your skepticism demands. The ground can be dry. Connect a galvanometer to each rod by means of thin wire. An anomalous positive reading results. This simple fact illustrates the concepts taught by Nathan Stubblefield, who stated that earth batteries do not generate electricity: they intercept and receive ground flowing telluric currents. If you wish to find strong telluric currents by this means, place one of your two ground rods into a tree root. The galvanometer should be wired close to this base. The other rod is wired and can be placed in sequentially different spots. Readings can literally “pin” the meter, holding it there for weeks.

Telluric incursives continued to “interrupt” all electrical communications methods which employed the ground as a medium of exchange. These incursives revealed aspects of the geomantic nature as each new technology was connected to the ground. The mere appearance of additional power was greatly outperformed when, just prior to the advent of Telephony, a shortlived revolution swept the Telegraphic World. Certain telegraph companies replaced all of their electromagnetic systems with the Chemical, or “Automatic Telegraph” of Alexander Bain (1849). The Chemical Telegraph regime utilized the electrosensitivity of special chemical papers to register incoming signals. Code impulses made their dark blue marks on the rolling strip of sensitive paper, the task of decoding having thus been made “automatic”. Because of the low power requirements typical to their method, the Automatic Telegraph lines were successfully operated across much greater distances than their electromagnetic counterparts.

From the very first, some such Chemical Telegraph systems operated on ground power alone. Not only did these systems produce strong signal markings in complete absence of batteries, but partly coherent signals spontaneously appeared in absence of operators as well! The mystifying appearance of fragmentary sentences and geometric patterns was continually observed in idle Chemical Telegraph receivers, a phenomenon which has been discussed in a former treatise (Vril Compendium Vol. 3). Perceptive investigators clearly perceived that incursions of geomantic energy were dynamically modifying and augmenting every ground application of electrical energy. Such anomalous energy manifestations, which often revealed a perplexing time-periodicity, found no plausible explanation among the theoreticians.

With the introduction of Telephony, the use of simple buried terminal plates was soon replaced by a great number of special articulate ground components. Again requiring geomantic sensitivity for their proper ground placement and orientation, these remarkable interleaved and multivented forms literally launched and received signals along selective topographic directions (Taylor and Muirhead, Lugo, Smith). Besides those anomalous power observations in telegraphic and telephonic systems, anomalous observations were noted with the development of wireless communications. The relevant bibliography is filled with instances of geomantic power incursions in wireless systems. These incursions, clearly understood by early wireless pioneers as effects of the earth connection, made their impact on the engineering community.

GROUNDWAVE RADIO

The late part of the Nineteenth Century was a rich and productive time for the empirical researchers, those who explored the deep mysteries of ground conduction radio. Such investigation produced a new world of possibilities in the Wireless Arts. Experimenters found distinctive differences when varieties of geometric shapes were simply buried, a series of discoveries having no satisfactory conventional explanation. A great many highly specialized ground “antennas” were developed and patented during this time period, a technology which provoked both disbelief and criticism on numerous counts.

The very first vocal radio broadcast was engaged by Nathan B. Stubblefield (1872). Mr. Stubblefield employed special “earth cells” and long iron rods to transmit strong vocal signals “with great clarity”. These signals traversed a mile or more of ground, a coordinated conduction wireless system providing telephone service for a hardworking farm community. The Stubblefield Radio Method represents an essential technological mystery. His “earth cells” never wore out, never produced heat in their telephonic components, and provided “signal ready” power at any given instant of the day. Being neither activated or assisted by additional battery power, the system was fully operational around the clock.

Later critics attempted the reduction of the Stubblefield Radio System to mere “subsoil conduction” mode of transmission, but remain completely unable to reproduce the performance to this day. Mr. Stubblefield repeatedly stated confidence in the fact that his Radio System was performing an act of modulation, not a transmission of signal power. The preexisting “electrical waves in the earth”, he firmly stated, were the real energy carriers for his Wireless Telephone Exchange. The special “earth cells” were connective terminals, not power antennas; a means by which direct connection with the geomantic energy stratum was obtained.

In an entirely different regime of exploration, a regime having nothing whatsoever to do with waveradio energies, Dr. Nikola Tesla directed the construction of a massive radiating structure on the northshore of Long Island. His previous years of experience taught him the secrets concerning radiant energy and its effective propagation through the air and space (1892 to 1900). Understanding the means by which radiant energy may be more effectively beamed down through the ground, Dr. Tesla established the magnificent Wardenclyffe Station (1901). Tesla intended Wardenclyffe to be the first of a series, stations for the subterranean beam transmission of radiant energy. Propagation of very large diameter radiant energy beams had been found more effective for given power purposes, when conducted through solid rock. Tesla found that the earth was transparent to these penetrating straightline beams, and planned the use of deeply imbedded ground terminals in order to direct and launch his special radiant energy.

Dr. Tesla took special pains to establish the extensive underground conducting system in order “to get a grip of the earth”. This most complex construction operation, necessarily executed long before the great tower was erected, took place below the Power Broadcast Station. Tesla stated that this was the most difficult part of his construction operation at Wardenclyffe, the drilling of long iron pipes having first been driven down to more than 300 feet into the foundation rock. At a depth of 120 feet, Tesla excavated several radiating shafts, long hallways whose internal walls were covered with pitch and surrounded with iron pipeworks. These shafts extended outward at this horizontal depth for several hundred feet in all directions, a formidable ground projector. Beneath the central chambers of this Magnifying Transmitter, the deeply embedded terminals actually formed the primary beaming structure; a bizarre conception which was literally rediscovered in legal documents provided by Mr. Leland Anderson, and has since been experimentally verified by Eric Dollard.

Fr. Josef Murgas (1906) produced a remarkable series of articulated monopole terminals. These coaxial coil monopoles were deeply drilled pipes, filled with mineral oil and activated by radioimpulses. With these designs, Fr. Murgas exchanged extremely powerful and static-free signals to great distances with very little applied power. The later proliferation of ground aerial designs included double grounded arches (Tesla, Collins, Ducretet, Musits, Pickard), underwater and underground coils (Jones), underground loops (Beakes), “bent-L” inversions (Appleby, Knoll), and underground channel-loops (Hanson). Of these buried ground systems, none were as prolific as those developed by James Harris Rogers (1913). Most properly categorized as buried dipoles, Rogers antennas rested across the subsurface horizon of the ground, and were relatively easy to establish.

Desirous of creating VLF and ELF transmission sites for oceangoing surface and submerged fleet vessels, ground antenna designers attracted the attentions of the NRL and other military research laboratories. In the effort to establish failsafe communications between command centers and distant fleet, ground surface, or submerged forces, military engineers explored both Rogers buried antennas and Murgas drilled monopoles. To the thrift-minded military engineers, the buried Rogers Antennas were more accessible than the more effective and world permeating Murgas designs. Placed into long plowed furrows, the various Rogers antennas provided clarified signals. Compared with the large overhead aerials of other designers, Rogers buried antennas performed in a remarkably constant and dependable manner. Producing strong signals, of both greatly depressed static and equivalent reduced distortion levels, the Rogers designs were prized by Naval Radio engineers.

Rogers buried antennas were buried dipoles, a method application to an old design. Because the Rogers Antenna series were buried dipoles, their performance theoretically completely depended upon their compass orientations. The polarization of transmitted or received signals necessitated that Rogers Antennas be properly placed in the ground with respect to compass bearings, a restriction nonexistent with the superior Murgas Monopoles. But Rogers Antennas were admirably suited to the developing Naval Radio hardware. Driven by sinewave generators, rather than Teslian aether pulses, the Rogers designs operated in the Hertzian wave mode adequately enough to win military support. Few military experts bothered to recall that these designs were all purloined from directly from the Tesla patents, a fact which the genteel Tesla never bothered to cite.

Periodically classified and declassified, the Rogers designs and their modifications have formed the core of the military VLF and ELF communications arsenal. But most of the researchers instinctively sought out those monopoles which Fr. Murgas developed, and which the military had overlooked. Throughout the early part of the Twentieth Century, a great variety of ground antennas made their sudden appearance in the commercial radio market. Experimenters everywhere were discovering that different shapes and materials were capable of providing extraordinarily strong radio transmissions and receptions when simply buried.

GROUND TERMINALS

Attempts of devising newer and more effective ground antenna designs provoked several intriguing explorations. The most amazing discoveries included those made with relatively small buried metal forms. Radio rules changed completely when buried antenna were employed, the complete elimination of Hertzian dimension restrictions being the first observation. Unlike their aerial counterparts, buried terminals were not bound by those exacting requirements of wavelength. One did not require lateral dimensions equal to the normal shortwave aerial yardage, the first feature recognized by radio amateurs.

It was indeed during this time period that the customary use of old iron radiators and large metal bedsprings, scrap metal surplus, became an experimental vogue with radio amateurs. These buried, highly articulated iron forms, provided powerful evidence that the ground antenna principle actually worked. In the classic models, the burial of any aerial structure represented immersion in a conductive medium. The burial of conductors in the ground was viewed as reduction to a uniform, neutral electrical gradient. This condition sufficiently neutralized all of the geometric differences within an isoelectric horizon. Electrodynamic theory stated that any buried metal composite, however “variegated” or “articulated” in form, would simply behave as a “lumped” resistance.

While the use of variegated antennas posed no threat to the existing paradigm, academicians considered the concept of buried variegated antennas a theoretical impossibility. Indeed, those who examined ground aerial patents found completely problematic the notion that highly variegated geometric structures could demonstrate differing degrees of transmissive or receptive advantage. Electrical engineers insisted that the net surface areas of these buried “articulate” forms alone determined their resultant excessive performance. In this consideration, material composition did not matter. Conductivity was the prime factor. Differing only in their various surface areas, the only theoretical differences among buried geometries, in addition to those of mere surface area, were thought to be factors of electrolytic corrosion. The more pitted the ground contact surface, the more likely a buried object would become better conductive to signals. The microsurficial increase of surface contact through corrosive pitting was called to explain the “additional gain”.

Since the electrical merits of buried materials were supposedly the simple result of surface area and the effectively moved electrical volume, the result of this inherent surface area, no special discovery was acknowledged among the authorities. But empirical determinations proved that different geometric shapes and (more unbelievably) different material composites, actually did effect an enhanced “launching” of radiosignals far in excess of their calculated surface area. Solid plates of calculated equivalent surface did not perform as magnificently as the buried radiators or bedsprings.

he articulated exposure for potential conduction increasing to or from the surrounding ground.

But empirical research consistently overturned each of the theoretical contentions, proving by incontestable demonstration the superior signalling characteristics of articulate ground terminals. Anomalous signal strengths were both transmitted from and received through ground transmitting systems far in excess of intensities or topographic distances declared possible by theory. This was particularly true when the ground transmitting antennas were powered by spark-generated, asymmetric impulse currents. Signals were somehow being “collimated and constricted” within the ground proper. This constrictive action did not explain all of the observed signal intensities. Evidence had again suggested that the ground was “leaking” a non-electrical component up into both the electrical systems and their emerging signals.

In fact, several widely advertised and highly successful designs included the “Yale Ground Hog”, the “Subtenna”, the “Aeroliminator”, and the “Subaerial”. These few representatives demonstrated the superiority of ground antennas, a validity which literally emptied the stock rooms of each ground antenna distributor. Dr. F. L. Satterlee, an X-Ray specialist, developed several “tuned ground” radio receivers. Implemented by The Moon Radio Company, these radiosets placed their performance boasts on a remarkable “antenna-free” operation. The principle advantage of these ground antennas was their static-eliminating nature. The ease of their installation and maintenance combined great signalling efficiency. Several of the commercial units needed only to be connected with a cold water pipe, their powerful and “static-free” reception being unequalled by the more conventional “aerial receivers”. Additionally, waveradio receivers produced by The Moon Radio Company operated during normally impossible meteorological and geophysical conditions; a condition well described by Nikola Tesla. A great many inventors continued producing truly amazing diversity in the “ground antenna” format. Throughout this time of amazing and anomalous discoveries, the empirical method led the way.

NATURAL AMPLIFIER

It had been clearly observed by a number of experimenters that the environment exerted strong and dynamic action on transmitter signals. It was long known that this mysterious energy species could actively charge ground-connected radio systems in absence of applied power, the early experiments of Loomis having established this principle (1862). This agency was very obviously possessed of an inherently superior articulate nature, being able to distinguish and energize buried material composites and varied geometric forms. In addition, the energetic ground agency seemed able to selectively seek out, constrict into, and intensify the incoming signal power of distant stations. There were obviously other influences which determined the nature of ground-traversing signals.

Experimenters realized that these effects differed with both the methods used in obtaining the spark energy, the manner in which disturbances were launched into the environment, the grounds into which signals were launched, and the specific directions along which they were launched. The spark applications of small experimental radiotransmitters produced signals of unexpected large volume at great distances, empirical evidence of an unexplained signal “amplifier” in the natural environment (Appleton and Barnett). VLF amplification effects had been empirically recognized among radio engineers on both sides of the Atlantic. In fact, the very first historical Transatlantic Signals of Marconi were problematic from every engineering standpoint. The calculated losses, theoretically expected of these signals, were far too great to account for his first claimed successes (1901). This was a fact which provoked many to doubt and criticize Marconi’s claims in the venture. Later repeatable demonstrations of the VLF amplification effect evoked few suggested explanations from the engineering community.

The concept that signals could acquire additional energy from an unacknowledged geomantic source was not readily received by the academic community. Some experimenters initiated dialogue on the possible gain of signals which had traversed the geomagnetic field (Prentice). These gains were not the simple result of “standing waves”, nor the result of Hall Effect intensifications provoked by launching signals across the geomagnetic field. The perplexing effect was noted across the entire radiofrequency spectrum, from VLF radiotelegraphic to shortwave radiotelephone services. Unlike the identical phenomena which took place in wired telegraph and telephone lines, these effects were taking place in complete absence of wire. But what dynamic agency was literally magnifying each relatively small initial signal?

With the installation of multiple Marconi Transatlantic Stations, it quickly became known that transoceanic VLF magnification phenomena were only obtained when signals were launched along highly specific “launch paths”. Conformity with these “launch paths” produced undistorted signals of unexpected great power and presence. VLF signals which were not applied to the special launchpaths, were simply lost in transit. The Marconi World Radio Circuit relied these very obvious environmental controls, but it was quite impossible for engineers to follow the exact pathways of these suboceanic signals. It was first thought that the phenomenon had much to do with the submarine ground itself. By assuming the existence of special highly conductive marine geostrata, it was imagined that a simple geological survey could codify the selection of Marconi Station sites.

But no such geological formula or pattern was ever found, to the great consternation of engineers and theoreticians alike. Directed along identical suboceanic geostrata, the very same VLF signals encountered unexpected and unexplained high signal resistivity; a frightful realization for those whose labor was expended in the building of several Marconi Stations. What was the strange “absorptive potential” by which a launched signal could simply be drawn across a specific launchpath? If not in the material strata of submarine geology, where then was this mysterious “absorptive potential” contained?

Several sites were quietly abandoned by the Marconi Company, the matter being privately considered for very obvious business reasons. The prospect of statistical failure in the “scientific” selection of VLF launchpaths displeased Marconi greatly. The use of dowsing methods would be very “bad for business” if the fact became known to the scientific community at large. These factors eventually drove Marconi deeper into a study of shortwave aerial phenomena. Other radio station engineers found it necessary to select station sites through “alternative” or “geomantic” means. This renewed awareness of geomantic energy, as well as the role of special points and pathways in effecting long distance communications, provoked a hostile and derisive reaction among conventional engineers.

SHORTWAVES

The advent of shortwave radio systems however, produced intriguing anomalies, which found neither immediate theoretical models nor solutions. Unable to account for the divergent signal strengths noted between separate aerial or ground contacts, fact-finding empirical research was again engaged. The models which theoreticians developed postulated that a loosely linked “skywave” and “groundwave” were responsible for the anomalous reception effects. In this analysis of waveradio transmitters, a conduction wavesignal “through the ground” was selectively either neutralized or intensified by an aerial signal “through the sky” (Breit and Tuve).

With the newly discovered ionized atmospheric layer neatly providing “skipping” reflectivity for transmissions, the model was complete. Accordingly, the proper phasing of skipped skywaves and groundwaves produced resultant signals of unusual strength. Improper phasing produced received signals were weak or even absent. It was then easy to comprehend the varying nature of shortwave signals whenever encountered. One could find reasonable explanation for variable signal strengths throughout the day, month, and year. “Skipping” skywaves met with continuous groundwaves to produce all of the observed signal receptions. Phase shifting explained all of these variations. Or did it?

The use of very long, close-ground antennas was early implemented by those who sought the development of special aerial-ground hybrid antennas. The “double ground” aerial employed an elevated line with grounded ends. This format was limited by its orientation requirements, often acting as an excellent directional detector of distant stations. Extremely low aerials were developed and used in 1911 (Kiebitz), often extending to nearly 1000 feet in length and being poised to within a yard of ground level. In 1918, a similar system (A. Hall) placed 2700 feet of insulated cable along the ground surface, and claimed excellent reception characteristics.

The famed “Beverage Antenna” (patent 1,381,089), was the result of experiments with several thousand straight feet of wiring on tall insulating posts, a design which attracted the fortune-aimed attentions of RCA. Wishing to break the existing market on special beam aerials, this design formed the means by which Marconi monopolies on the “bent-L” aerials were broken. The receptive clarity of this design increased with proximity to ground. RCA could not infringe on the Rogers designs, or those of others, whose buried ground antennas produced better signal strength.

These horizon-hugging aerials provoked controversy because of their supposed necessary “management” of a mixed sky and ground wave complex. Experiment proved that increasing elevations of the Beverage Antenna resulted in a pure and noisy skywave signal, with the greatest signal intensities being derived with the line placed as close to ground surface as possible. In some cases, these ground-parallel aerials were poised on insulators 12 foot or less for best effect. Being the design which represents the theoretical midpoint, between the buried Rogers dipole and the Marconi “bent-L”, the Beverage Antenna reveals that ground currents and ground signals are indeed distinct in origin and species. These results helped to convince many that the proposed “nearzone-farzone” radio principles were absolutely mistaken. In fact, a special theory was developed to “explain” the superior operation of the Beverage Aerial. [All of these patents and articles are found in Vril Compendium Volumes 9 and 10].

A great many popular radio magazine articles were devoted to the unusual reception of signals through the ground alone (Volume 8, Vril Compendium). To the amateur experimenters of the time, it was all too apparent that the theoretical assessments lacked reality. Those who studied radio propagation phenomena for military applications could not account for the fact that far too powerful ground signals continued with increasing range from their sourcepoint. By comparison, their aerial signal counterparts were far too weakened by the journey. Experimenters found that the “skywave-groundwave” model did not explain the continued magnification of signals “received through the ground”. When compared to signals “received through the air”, the ground signals were persistently more powerful, and far less eroded by static.

Of the many energetic interactions occurring in and among spark discharges, Hertz chose but two for analysis (1887). Convention has agreeably restricted its considerations to the same, affirming that only two fields of influence make themselves manifest at close distances from a spark. The induction field, and the “radiowave field”. Induction field effects rapidly fall away with the inverse square of distance from a spark center. The “true radio energy” is that wave energy which loses intensity with the inverse distance from a spark center. This difference of intensity with distance from the spark center defines the radiofield. Radio texts described the “nearzone” (induction field) and the “farzone” (radiofield). Patent examiners used this model to eliminate all but the Marconi claims for wireless transmission of signals, a tragic reduction. Far more important demonstrations proved the superiority of geomantic radio principles. Certain highly qualified experimenters disagreed with the simplistic Hertzian view, and contradicted the views of a growing mainstream (Stubblefield, Tesla, Massey, Moray).

Some thought that the induction field was the source of the unusual ground signals, the electrostatic influence which induced electron oscillations in the rock immediately beneath transmitter towers. Much improved ground configurations were thought to provide additional power to these relatively weak induction oscillations. Large area copper screens or grids were pre-buried long before transmitting towers or aerials were erected. These conductive screens extended outward from the central transmitting axis for several hundred yards in some instances. Thus directly applied, ground currents were given enormous impulse, a possible reason for the strong and predominating reception of local stations in neighborhood receivers. Theoretically, these induction sources were incapable of propagating beyond one quarter of a wavelength from their tower centers. Deep VLF ground currents of 10 kilocycles were therefore not to be received beyond 15 kilometers from their source. The transmission of 3 megacycle signals would, according to these expectations, produce ground currents undetected beyond 250 feet from their source.

These “nearzone-farzone” models did not explain the true signal strength received through ground antennas. Why for example, could VLF signals be received from distances much further than 10,000 miles from their aerial gantries? Why were shortwave signals routinely received from distances surpassing 15,000 miles? Nevertheless, the ground antenna made such signal reception possible. One may yet demonstrate these dynamics with rudimentary ground rod antennas, a technique which will shortly be described. The “nearzone-farzone” model does not explain why VLF signals are only received along specific constrictive paths, a mystery which deepens when it is realized that such conductive ground paths are never found along strictly geodesic sections. Field distribution experiments show the meandering nature of VLF signals across regions of ground, a fact which correlates their much-amplified propagation with geomantic current paths.

There were, in addition, several remarkable reversals of these same theoretical expectations. Why, across certain locales, was it impossible to receive the powerful shortwave transmissions of a station some several hundred yards away in plain sight? “Radio blindspots” could not be explained on the basis of earth conductivity or geophysical characteristics alone. These glaring propagation discrepancies posed neither problem nor threat to the empirical researchers, who formulated their own naturally accurate models. The anomalous “blindspots” and “freak transmissions” which the routinely observed, were exceptions to the theoretical models. Such notable and unexplainable instances, while continuing to plague the modelmakers, provoked far too little academic interest (Hollingworth, Quack).

This experimental example offered a most startling clue to the mode of transmission actually responsible for the operation of buried antenna designs. The “skywave-groundwave” model presupposes that a singular radiosource will produce a singular radiating wave, half of the wave propagating through an aerial route, the other half being immersed in ground. Passage through the atmospheric route gathers static signatures and other distortions which are supposedly induced throughout the wavefront. This aerial noise is transferred and distributed throughout the advancing wavefront. Being absolutely tied to its aerial portion, the ground wave of any signal must therefore contain each acquired noise signature. The same holds true when the ground signal acquires static and distortions along its earthen propagation path. Then, the aerial portion receives new static signatures as a coequal distribution from the ground up. But all too many occasions prove the absolute contradiction of this model, and ground antennas provided the incontrovertible evidence.

Buried terminals gave the clearest proof that aerial signals and ground signals were of completely different origin, those of the ground having the most obvious source in a powerful autodynamic matrix. Aerial waves were so obviously dissolved and “digested” in transit from their distant sources, while ground currents often demonstrated anomalous intensification in transit. It was furthermore quite obvious that electrical currents were not responsible for the ground currents beyond the theoretical quarterwave limits. Signals received through the ground were clarified and strong, even when aerial sampling proved that there should be only a static “hiss”. Experiments have shown that the sometimes “wavering” behavior of ground received signals are the result of completely different origins, a dynamic response to completely distinct causes.

Added articulate dimensions made their appearance in a regime of improved ground antennas. Some designs employed chemical saturations to produce greatly clarified and intensified signals. The revolutionary approach began as a chemical treatment to existing ground terminals, a treatment giving superior empirical results. Chemically treated terminals brought a complete eradication of static. The chemical of choice for these “treatments” was copper sulfate, the watery solution being liberally poured upon the buried terminal until the soil became a slurry. Allowed to dry out, these terminals displayed their enormously improved outputs. In other such experimental arrangements, copper sulfate solution was placed in a large porous cup. Contact was made with the solution with a metal rod. This design completely eliminated common static and other crackling noises, a significant improvement which also provided new insight into the nature of ground signals themselves.

The performances of chemically treated ground antennas was not well comprehended, it being simply assumed that the earth-permeating solutions projected a conductive horizon beyond the antenna itself. Poured into the ground and allowed to dry in situ, such solutions were thought to extend a wonderfully articulate matrix of “fingerlets” beyond the metallic antenna framework. Crystalline, complex, and replete with dendritic projections, such arrangements became ‘woven into the earth”. How did such an underground crystalline complex manage to multiply signal conductivity, while depressing all of the expected levels of static? Ensheathing the metallic framework, the crystallized solution represented a non-conductive envelope. How conductive was the crystallized “matrix” at all? Electrically unresponsive in its dried crystalline form, any such copper sulfate sheath should have blocked the entrance of all purely electrical currents. What carrier was then delivering its obviously improved signals?

This case study was completely corroborated in the simpler instance of an insulator-ensheathed copper rod, where clarified signals of great strength continued to be received in obvious absence of the electrical carriers (Lehr, Theroux). Examples such as these actually challenge common notions concerning the nature of ground signals, obviously not the result of electrical waves at all. When compared with the accompanying aerial signals, a contradiction in theoretical prediction was obtained. Aerial signals would prove to be replete with static signatures. Were the skywave and groundwave each coequals, linked energetic expulsions from a common source, then each should have delivered the identical static events. But the addition of chemical solutions to the ground amplified and clarified the incoming signals, proving that ground signals are of an entirely different class and species of signal…having nothing to do with their aerial mirror-partners. How then did the addition of an electrically non-conductive crystalline matrix actually produce better reception through the ground antenna?

BIODYNAMIC INTERACTION

The exchange between electrical signals and geomantic currents produced remarkable transformations, energy exchanges yet requiring exhaustive study. The manner in which articulate messages actively relate with their electrical carriers is improperly understood. In the biodynamic model, intelligent expressions constrict toward the center core of their carrier streams, becoming a tight thready current. The electrical carrier streams themselves expand away from this central thready core, losing integrity with distance. It was well known that certain geomantically densified regions were notorious eradicators of electrical signals, the legendary “blindspots” which characterized certain subequatorial districts. In these biologically active zones, where jungle growth was most highly accelerated, radio signals encountered impossible distortions and indefinable interruptive influences.

The significant distinctions of ground-derived currents from electrostatic or electrical currents required analytical methods not willingly engaged by the convention. Nevertheless, the incursions of unknown or forgotten energy strata refused to disappear. These manifestations, which became complicated with electrical applications, made their presence continually known. These pure geomantic currents possessed distinctly biological attributes of catabolic growth. Geomantic energy perpetually overpowered and dissolved every electrical application into the ground (catabolic reaction), while automagnifying its own potential (growth behavior) against the invasive electricity (immune response). In this process, communications signals were very apparently amplified. The bizarre amplifications most occurred when signals traversed regions of high geomantic current densities. This is why so many experimenters observed the topographically determined signal magnifications across specific locales.

In 1904, one experimenter rediscovered that the bioactivity of thriving trees can provide an astounding source of radiosignals, a method referred to as “floraphony”. When connected to specific spots on tree trunks, the use of a simple nail probe resulted in the anomalous powerful reception of radiosignals from 18,000 miles distance (Squier). Indeed, the interactive relationship between electrical and geomantic energies has remained singularly mysterious. For those who do not comprehend the fundamental differences and distinctions between the energies involved, only the futile shuffling and reshuffling of the “four forces” remains: an academic card game which, very unfortunately, will never produce a completely satisfying explanation. The associated list of anomalies continues to assert its presence, one which manages to topple the house of cards with every new deal.

The general social lack of sensitivity to bioenergies has contributed to the malaise of the scientific research community, a malaise which motivated Eighteenth Century experimenters to forsake their roots in Vitalism. The unfortunate consequent fixation on the discovery of currents and energetic influences, abnormal to the bionatural environment, has enslaved civilized humanity to an inferior technology, a degenerate mindstate, and a completely irrelevant world model. The interaction between geomantic and electrostatic current is the result of antagonism between two completely opposed species. Geomantic currents are far more powerful in their technological potentials, an energetic foundation which sensitives have long anticipated. The accumulation of phenomena, by which geomantic energies are transformed into the utilitarian needs of our world, are all that is lacking in this regard.

By far not confined to qualitative methods, geomantic energy was quantitatively found to be possessed of biological characteristics not normally attributed to either electrostatic fields or electrical currents. From archane times, geomantic currents were known to flow through the ground in meandering pathways. The geomantic matching of large VLF aerials became common practice for the launching of signals along the mysterious magnifying paths, paths which meandered and “wandered” across continental topographies. The veinlike “woivres”, formerly identified and mapped by medieval geomancers, were associated with uncertain geophysical associations (Charpentier).

Direct connection with aerial, elemental, and ground-sourced energies produced a wide range of otherwise unexplained effects. These effects were repeatedly reproduced in apparatus requiring only monopolar ground terminals and variable tuning capacitors. The discoveries made by the Chemical Telegraph proved that the ground emergent energy actively organizes the chaos of sensitive emulsions into distinct patterns. These mystifying patterns and hunting fragmentary messages, revealed the literal “dark structure” of the ground, a structure which completely dominated every ground-launched electrical signal. The geomantic structure ruled and governed every wired, ground-wired, or radio signal which electrotechnology had applied to the ground. Signals were shunted, interrupted, magnified, reduced, constricted, redirected, divided, and recombined as each encountered the geomantic structure. The distinctly biological nature of the geomantic structure was thus clearly revealed. It is the same structure which ancient geomancers saw in the pure mode, a radiant and multicrystalline form which permeates and sustains the geological matter of earth. Fluidic streams form the facets of this black radiant structure, the “geomantic” currents of which we have spoken.

Explorations of the pure geomantic energies required very simple equipment. Researchers found it possible to extract enormously potent geomantic currents. Employing little more than a grounded rod or plate, and in the complete absence of additional (electrical) energy, geomantic energy was drawn up to the surface and selectively entuned. The grounded instruments used in these wonderful explorations were the simple and familiar diagnostic tools of the telegraphic and telephonic engineers: Wheatstone Bridges, decade resistors, and variable capacitance batteries. The strange and cyclic activation of chemical telegraphs was tested and proven, the results mystifying. When these components were connected to one or more buried plates, the apparatus became strangely charged with a neutral energy. The Patent Archive is pleasantly “interrupted” with the occasional exceptions provided by these research purists, who insisted that geomantic potentials were far more potent and capable than electrical energy.

Those ground-oriented systems, which derive their operative energy directly from articulate environment, have experimentally proven their worth. Reproductions of a great many such devices has produced the surprising success by which we have experienced a personal Scientific Renaissance. Geomantic energy is capable of marking sensitive chemical papers and plates (Bain, Edison), of stimulating auric emissions from elements and chemicals (Reichenbach), of marking photographic plates (Dobler), of stimulating plant growth (White), of vivifying otherwise incapacitated patients (Abrams), of impressing and modifying sensitive crystallization processes (Kolisko), is able to seek and reveal deeply buried ore bodies (Drown, Rogers), and is capable of more astounding displays. Its preeminent potentials dwarf those achieved through the use of electrical charge.

Demonstrating a distinct bioaffinity, geomantic currents evidence selective preference for biological matter and for bioorganisms (White, Abrams, Lahovsky). Possessing articulate “behavior”, whose definition exceeds that crude behavior of electrical currents, geomantic currents are able to selectively seek and locate specific widely distributed tuning targets with complete precision. Non-inertial, and characterized by innate properties which may only be termed “biological”, geomantic currents represent an energetic stratum at the most fundamental level. The world foundation. Was it any wonder that ground antennas performed in excess of all the electrodynamic predictions?

RADIONIC GROUND ENTUNEMENT

Discovered during the years when the communications sciences of Telegraphy, Telephony, Conduction Wireless, and Aerial Wireless were being developed, the isolation and implementation of Geomantic Energy has founded the core of a new Science. Having thoroughly accepted the objective existence of Geomantic Currents, the Radionists extended the known list of attributes and potentials germane to these energetic species. Radionists developed instruments, methods, and technologies beyond the expected conventional limits.

Their diagnostic instruments become recognized as “tuners” or “filters” of the geomantic currents. With refined entunement components, the effects became more pronounced and defined. The now familiar use of resistance or capacitance bridges in Radionic Technology has not been significantly changed since the days of telegraph line diagnostic instruments. Considered to be “electrically dead” by other academes, and therefore supposedly incapable of dynamic activity, the diagnostic apparatus of Radionists were derided by those who refused the acceptance of vitalistic energy on conditions of personal prejudice alone. But the natural phenomenon defied the edicts of those who refused to know. Radionically entuned radio receivers became enormously powerful sites into which impossibly distant signals of exceedingly weak intensities simply pour. To experience the numerous phenomena typical for reception through ground antennas is to experience the technically “impossible”.

Utilized in a great variety of investigative purposes, the acquisition of geomantic energies was fortunately chronicled in a great number of patents and articles. Radionists discovered that Geomantic energy is neutral, being possessed of an ability to modify and organize chemically chaotic systems (Littlefield, Morley-Martin, Kolisko). Pure geomantic energy articulates and transforms mineral solutions into prebiological organizations (Crosse, Bastian, Reich). The characteristic which draws geomantic currents into bioorganisms has been explored for use as a therapeutic stimulant (White, Drown). Greatly increased vitality is the result of exposures to these ground derived currents, an echoing reminder of truths early discovered by Mesmer and Galvani.

Ground derived energies were used in demonstration of agricultural stimulation (White, Lakhovsky), sensitive medical diagnosis (White, Abrams, Hieronymus), medical therapies (White, Mellon, Drown), anatomical scanning (Drown, DelaWarr), wireless biological communications (Abrams, Hieronymus, Drown), chemical reactivity (Kolisko), power acquisition (Stubblefield, Strong, Brown, Tomkins, Lockwood, Prentice), meteorological modification (Baigorri), remote sensing and surveying (Beasse, Glazewski, Billington, Ash, Rogers, Moray, Maby, Drown), and mineral prospecting (Beasse, Rogers, Drown). Despite these profound discoveries, the widescale acceptance of geomantic energy or geomantic phenomena was methodically shunned and eliminated from the academic dogma.

Despite the vindictive treatment, that displayed in the purgative fury of several national agencies, the legendary Radionists developed a wondrous new technology which yet holds the future survival of humanity. This superlative Radionic Technology, capable of stimulating and engaging the very deepest of human potentials, has neither been glimpsed or considered since Medieval times. In the secrets of Radionic Science are the means by which the very deepest dreams and desires of humanity find technological expression. Implementing pure geomantic energies, Radionic Instrumentalities operate at the very level from which dreams and desires emerge.

With the energies obtained up from the ground, we have discovered a sequence of distinct, irreducible, and articulate attributes, to which both our thoughts and efforts have been continually directed. The all too numerous experiments which Borderland Sciences researchers have conducted remain forever framed in this biodynamic perspective. With each attempt at duplicating the supposed fraudulent claims of our qualitatively inclined predecessors, we continue to rediscover spectacular anomalies. Providing us with a continual stream of scientific epiphanies, we have enjoyed remarkable success. Moving in and among such strange scientific topics, you may also venture among deep roadways untravelled by most. In truth, these deepest of studies prove the existence of a superlative visionary world-reality, one whose thralldom society must again admit.

Coupled with the most elementary of ground antennas, any ordinary shortwave receiver becomes a powerful diagnostic tool. With very simple equipment, one obtains a glowing window on the innermost world processes whose biodynamic activities rule our very being. The diagnostic use of ground radio antennas, has permitted the acquisition of wonderful and mind-elevating secrets. One continually learns the lost details inherent in our throbbing world. The geomantic structure, whose pulsing streams and ebbing tides govern our consciousness, is suddenly revealed through the turn of a radio dial. Unreconciled audio “observations” provide compelling evidence that ours is a world alive, whose meandering flowlines display both emotive reactions and intelligent behavior. Careful interpretation of ground radio phenomena has permitted us to add new details to the evergrowing biodynamic world thesis.

Indeed, with every experiment we have performed, there is a vast and oceanic flood of new facts and equally new associations. It is with these revelations we find ourselves wonderfully occupied. Now comprising a formidable and growing treasury, we recognize that the duplication of such past methodologies well serves our willingness to seek. Ground-connected shortwave receivers are radionic interaction chambers, where pure geomantic power meets with electricity. Employing the receiver components as surreptitious radionic instruments, we have found an astounding sequence of corroborative facts in a singular theme.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

[VC denotes VRIL COMPENDIUM -- All patents are contained in the Compendium]

Ader, Clement. “Telegraphy”, Patent 377,879 (February 14, 1888) [VC 3].

Anderson, Leland. “Tesla Lecture Before the New York Academy of Sciences: April 1897.”

Appleton (and Barnett). “Signal Deviation in Transmission”, Proceedings Royal Society 109 A, p. 621, 1925.

Appleton, Dr. E. V. “Shortwave Signals”, Proceedings Cambridge Philosophical Society 23, p. 155, 1926.

— “Retardation of Short Wave Signals”, Wheatstone Laboratory, Nature 122, 8 December 1928

Austin, L. W. “Radiotelegraphy”, Bureau of Standards, Journal Washington Academy of Sciences, Vol 16, pp 398-410: August 1926.

— “Radiotelegraphy”, Bureau of Standards, Journal Washington Academy

of Sciences, Vol 16, pp. 457-460: October 1926.

Braun, Ferdinand. “Signals Over Surfaces”, Patent 750.429, (January 26, 1904) [VC 8 Ground Radio].

Baigorri. “The Rain Wizard”, Jorge Resines (Translator), Borderlands, No. 4, 1993.

Bain, Alexander (with R. Smith). “Automatic Telegraph”, Patent 6837 (October 30, 1849).

Bear, Simeon. “Telegraphic Circuit”, Patent 192,856 (July 10, 1877).

Breit (and Tuve). “Signals And Transmission Paths”, Physical Review 28, p. 554, 1926.

Brown, John. “Magneto-Electric Signalling Apparatus”, Patent 238,212 (March 1, 1881).

Bryan, James C. “Earth Battery”, Patent 160,152 (February 23, 1875).

Cerpaux, Jules. “Electric Piles”, Patent 182,802 (October 3, 1876).

Charpentier, Louis. The Mystery Of Chartres Cathedral, Avon Books, New York, 1975.

Crosse, Andrew. “Andrew Crosse”, Scientific American, December 18, 1869, p. 386.

— “The Morley-Martin Experiments”, “Crosse’s Acari”, p. 18-21, Borderland Sciences Research Foundation Reprint, 1986.

— “Crosse’s Acari”, Borderlands, p. 32, Number 3, 1996.

Dieckmann, George F. “Electric Earth Battery”, Patent 329,724 (November 3, 1885).

Dolbear, Dr. Amos. “Mode of Electric Communication”, Patent 350.299, (October 5, 1886). [Dolbear newspaper articles in VC 7 Dendritic Ground Systems]

Dollard, Eric. “Dielectric and Magnetic Discharges”, Borderlands Publications, 1985

— “Generalized Electric Wave”, Borderlands Publications, 1986

— “Tesla Transformers”, Borderlands Publications, 1985

— “Theory of Wireless Power”, Borderlands Publications, 1986

— “Tesla’s Longitudinal Electricity”, Borderland Sciences Video, 1985

Farmer, Moses. “Method of Sending And Receiving Messages Simultaneously Over the Same Wire”, Patent 6,296, (February 16, 1875).

Frow, William. “Means For Transmission of Intelligence”, Patent 1,016,003 (June 30, 1912).

Heising, Raymond. “Directive Radio Transmissive System”, Patent 1,562,961 (November 24, 1925).

— “Oscillation Generator”, Patent 1,240,206 (September 18, 1917). [VC 11 ELF Devices]

Highton, Henry. “Telegraphing Long Distances”, London Society of Arts, 1872, [Biographic Sketch from Pioneers of Wireless, Ellison Hawks], [VC 8 Ground Radio].

Hollingworth. “Longwave Signals”, Proceedings Institute of Electrical Engineers 64, p. 579, 1926.

Littlefield, Charles W. “Bio-Genesis” (extract from “The Beginning And Way of Life”, 1919), Borderland Sciences Research Foundation Reprint, 1986.

Lockwood, Robert and William. “Transmitter For Telephones”, Patent 239,519 (March 29, 1881).

Loomis, Mahlon. “Improvements In Telegraphing”, Patent 129,971 (July 30, 1872) [Personal Papers and Drawings, Government Documentation, Historical accounts], [VC 7 Dendritic Ground Systems]

Lugo, Orazio. “Electric Telegraphs” Patent 235,159 (7 December 1880).

Marconi, Marquese Guglielmo. “Directional Radiation of Waves”, Proceedings Royal Society, March 1906. [VC 10 Ray Transmitters]

— “Transmitting Electrical Signals”, Patent 586,193 (July 13, 1897). [Biography], [VC 9 Aerial Radio]

— “Variations of VLF Signals”, Proceedings Royal Society, Volume 77, June 1906.

Meissner, Alexander. “Oscillations By Shock Excitation”, Patent 1,007,733 (November 4, 1913). [VC 9 Aerial Radio]

— “Directional Antenna System”, Patent 1,740,950 (December 24, 1929). [VC 11 ELF Devices]

Mellon, John. “Electro-Therapeutic Appliance”, Patent 412,196 (October 1, 1889).

Morley-Martin. “The Morley-Martin Experiments”, Borderland Sciences Research Foundation Reprint, 1986.

Morse, Samuel. “Conducting Power and Galvanic Power of The Earth”, Silliman’s Journal, Volume 35, 1839, pp. 253-267.

— “Mode of Crossing Broad Rivers”, Dr. Morse, Letter to House of Representatives, 23 December 1824. [all accounts collected in VC 2 Telegraphy]

Muirhead, John. “Condensing Resistance for Electric Telegraphs”, Patent 208,665 (October 1, 1878).

Murgas, Fr. Josef. “Constructing Antennas”, Patent 860,051 (July 16, 1907).

— “Wireless Telegraphy”, Patent 915,993 (March 23 ,1909). [Biography and Patents], [VC 8 Ground Radio]

— “Ground Telegraphy in War”, H. Gernsback, Electrical Experimenter.

— “Radiation And Reception With Buried Antenna”, IEEE AP-11, Number 3, pp. 207-218 (Relates Murgas to PANGLOSS).

— “Subsurface Radio Propagation Experiments”, Tsao and deBettencourt, Raytheon Company, 1965, [VC 11 Military ELF].

Musits, Sigmund. “Apparatus For Wireless Telegraphy”, Patent 777,216 (December 13 , 1904). [VC 8 Ground Radio]

Preece, Sir William. “Recent Progress In Telephony”, British Association Reports, 1882.

— “Electrical Induction Between Wires”, British Association Reports, 1886.

— “Signalling Through Space Without Wires”, Proc. Royal Inst. London, 1897.

— “Aetheric Telegraphy”, Society of Arts, 3 May 1899.

— “Aetheric Telegraphy”, Inst. Electrical Engineers, 22 December 1898.

— “Aetheric Wireless Telegraphy”, Proc. Inst. Electrical Engineers London, 1898. [Collections VC 8 Ground Radio], [Collections VC 9 Aerial Radio]

Prentice, Frank Wyatt. “Wireless Train Control System”, Patent 843,550.

— “Electrical Power Accumulators”, Certified description (Private publication September 18, 1923), will be available through BSRF.

Quack. “Zeitschrifft fur Hochfrequenztechnik” 30 (2), p. 41, 1928.

Rogers, Mr. and Mrs. Stanley A. Harris. “Radiology In The Field Of Mineral Deposits”, Journal of The Electronic Research Association, Missouri, 1932 [VC 4].

Rogers, James Harris. “America’s Greatest War Invention”, H. W. Secor, Electrical Experimenter, 1919.

— “Ground Wires and Shortwaves”, Lieut. Comm. H. A. Taylor, Proceedings Institute Radio Engineers, Vol. 7 (4), 1919.

— “Longwaves and Strays on Rogers Antennae”, Lieut. Comm. A. H. Taylor, Electrical Experimenter, 1920.

— “Radiosignaling System”, Patent 1,303,730 (May 13, 1919).

— “Submarine Signaling System”, Patent 1,395,454 (November 4, 1921).

— “Submarine Wireless”, P. R. Coursey, Wireless World, 27 November 1920.

— “The Rogers Underground Aerial for Amateurs”, J. H. Rogers, Electrical Experimenter, 1920.

— “Underground Wireless System”, Electrical Experimenter, March 1919. [Patent Collection], [VC 8 Ground Radio]

SANGUINE/SEAFARER

— “Earth Conduction Experiments”, H. W. Dodge.

— “Finding Mines By Radio”, Popular Radio, September 1924, pp. 238-245.

— “Grounding System For New High Power Stations”, The Marconigraph, September 1919, pp. 548-549.

— “Subterranean and Submarine Antennas”, A. H. Taylor, Institute Radio Engineers, August 1919.

— “Underground Radio Telegraph”, S. R. Winters, Popular Radio, May 1924, pp. 490-492. [Articles in VC 8 Ground Radio]

— “ELF Propagation Measurements Along A 4900 Kilometer Path”, L. Ginsberg, IEEE, December 1973.

— “Wisconsin Test Facility”, Bannister et al, IEEE, December 1973. [SANGUINE Article Collection in VC 11 ELF Devices]

Smith, Gerritt. “Duplex Telegraph”, Patent 238,448 (March 1, 1881).

Snow, William. “Earth Batteries for Generating Electricity”, Patent 155,209 (September 22, 1874).

Steinheil, C. A. “On Telegraphy and Galvanic Craft”, Munich, 1898. (Steinheil account taken from) History of Wireless Telegraphy, Fahy. [all accounts VC 2 Telegraphy]

Strong, Henry. “Relay Telephones”, Patent 235,658 (December 21, 1880).

Squier, George. “Tree Telephony and Telegraphy”, Patent 1,549,032 (August 11, 1925).

— “Tree Telephony and Telegraphy”, Journal of The Franklin Institute, June 1919.

— “Talking Through The Trees”, Electrical Experimenter, 1919.

Stubblefield, Nathan. “Electrical Battery”, Patent 600,457, (March 8, 1898).

— “Stubblefield Personal Papers, Patents”, [VC 4 Archeforms].

— “Earth Batteries” [Patent Collection VC 4 Archeforms].

Taylor, Herbert (with Muirhead, Alexander). “Telegraphic Accumulators and Condensers”, Patent 206,366 (July 23, 1878).

TELLURIC CURRENTS

— “Abnormal Earth Currents”, Grandy, Electrical Engineer, June 1892

— “Auroral Disturbances”, Nature, 29 April 1886

— “Earth Currents”, B. Grandy, Electrical Engineer, March 1893

— “Earth Currents”, W. Finn, Electrical Engineer, November 1892

— “Earth Currents”, W. H. Preece, Nature, April 1894

— “On The Electrical Currents Of The Earth”, Mateucci, Smithsonian Institute. VC 1 White Ray Conductors]

— “How the Aurora Affects Telegraph Lines”, H. Gernsback, Electrical Experimenter, January 1918, [VC 1 White Ray Conductors].

— “Registering Apparatus for Earth Currents”, Science, June 1883.

— “Recent Observations on Earth Currents”, Electrical Engineer, August 1894.

— “Telegraphs, J. D. Caton, Scientific American, September 1862

— “Terrestrial Electricity”, Nature, 1874. [All above taken from VC 1 White Ray Conductors]

Tesla, Nikola. “Transmitting Through Natural Mediums”, Patent 787,412 (April 18, 1905).

— “Transmitting Electrical Energy”, Patent 1,119,732 (December 1, 1914).

Tomkins, Cornelius. “Telephone Relay”, Patent 238,459 (March 1, 1881).

Trowbridge, John. “The Earth As A Conductor of Electricity”, American Academy of Sciences, 1880. [VC 9 Aerial Radio]

Vail, Alfred. [Diary Accounts: anomalous telegraphic currents, VC 3]

Von Arco, Count Georg. “Aerial Conductor”, Patent 959,100, (May 24, 1910), [VC 9 Aerial Radio].

— “Radiotelegraphic Station”, Patent 1,082,221, (December 23, 1913). [VC 8 Ground Radio].

White, Dr. G. S. Cosmo-ElectroCulture, Los Angeles, 1929.

— New Light On Therapeutic Energies, M. L. Gallert, Borderland Sciences.

Related articles:

1. Experiment: Ground Antennas
2. Eric Dollard’s “Radio Archaeology”
3. The Wireless of Nathan B. Stubblefield